Alpine Area

Question 1

altitude

Answer 1

alpine refers to areas above the tree line (climatic limit of tree growth - where the mean temperature of the warmest month is less than 11 degrees C) and below the snow line (zone of permanent snow cover)

Question 2

latitude + altitude

Answer 2

the tree line decreases approximately 110 m in altitude for each additional 1 degree of latitude from the equator

New Guinea highlands (6 degrees S) has a treeline of 3700m VS
NSW (36 degrees S) has a tree line at 1850m

Question 3

size

Answer 3

the largest and highest area of mountain lands occur in the himalaya-tibet region (reaching 8848m in altitude and covering an area of 600 000km2) the alpine zone extends from 3200m - 4200m

Question 4

continuity

Answer 4

the largest contiguous area of alpine extends along the Andes (7200km long) from Peru (treeline = 4300m) to Chile (treeline = 1600m)

term = islands in the sky which makes them vulnerable

Question 5

significant areas of alpine to namedrop

Answer 5

Europe: The Alps, Pyrenees 
Asia: Caucasus, Urals
Highlands of New Guinea 
Southern Alps of NZ 
East Africa Highlands

Question 6

spatial patterns and dimensions of Australia

Answer 6

size: sub alpine and alpine areas occupy 11 200km2 of Aus. True alpine areas occupy only 250km2 (0.003% of Aus)

latitude/altitude: Australian alps 36 degrees S, 1850m

Question 7

spatial patterns and dimensions of Kosciusko National Park

Answer 7

Location: southern end of Great Dividing range in the Aus Alps, 350km SW of Sydney.

Latitude: 35-37S, 145-149E
Size: covers 100km2 (40% of Aus alpine ecosystem)

Continuity: it is the largest continuous zone of alpine vegetation in Australia

Has Australia’s highest mountain, Mt Kosciusko (2228m tall)

Question 8

Atmosphere

Answer 8

• temperature decreases by 6.5C per km increase in altitude
• alpine area has a continuous snow cover for >4 months of the year (June - September)
• 10 frost free days per year on Mt K
• the treeline has risen 40m

Question 9

Hydrosphere

Answer 9

• orographic rainfall: produced when moist air is lifted as it moves over a mountain range –> resulting in a dense and moist Western fall and sparse dry East Planes
• weak glaciation has produced features (Blue Lake) with long periods of erosion leaving exposed granite boulder fields
• peri glacial processes of freezing and thawing results in weathered rock and porous, skeletal soil which can be easily eroded (nutrients loss)

Question 10

Lithosphere

Answer 10

• soil development is slow
• dominant soil type = alpine humus soils (shallow skeletal soil) which are low in nutrients due to slow rates of decomposition
• nutrients transported out of the soil profile by water (leaching) increasing acidity
• low temperatures, leaching, frosts, strong winds and slow regrowth makes soil vulnerable
• exposed soil open to agents of erosion due to slow plant growth

Question 11

Process to form plateau

Answer 11

• uplift over 40 years
• glaciation
• plateau is dissected due oto erosion, forming islands in the sky, small, fragmented ecosystems

Question 12

Wetlands

Answer 12

• bogs and fens allow for slow release of snow melt to streams and rivers during summer
• maintain water during winter with sphagnum moss, storing 20x their weight in water
• permanently wet, providing unique habitats for threatened terrestrial and semi-aquatic species such as the southern corroboree frog

Question 13

Plant community and adapting

Answer 13

• growing season is too short to sustain trees
• short life cycle of rapid growth
• flowering and seed production (surviving winter as a seed)

Question 14

Types

Answer 14

Tall alpine herbfield: covers 65% of alpine area. Found on well drained slopes, most resilient
Other species: snow grass, silver snow daisy, mountain celery, billy buttons
Windswept feldmark: grows in the most severe conditions on ridges with little soil
Rock heath: warmth and wind shelter of boulders. WOody shrubs with a slow growth rate.
Bog: sphagnum moss and candle heath

Question 15

Ecological succession

Answer 15

• 204 species of native flowering plants (21 endemic)
• low energy
• nutrient limitations of soil = slow growth = high vulnerability
• increasing frequency of natural stresses (bushfires)

Question 16

Animals

Answer 16

• digging mammals improve soil heath by turnover and mixing organic matter
• MPP is endemic to alpine and subalpine regions of SE australia
• estimated 685 in KNP. 2 of the best habitat sites occur within the leased ski resort areas of mt blue cow (perisher) and charlotte pass ski resort (40% of population occurs here)

Question 17

Adaptations

Answer 17

• growing on boulders (warmth)
• dorman seeds
• to battle intense sunshine, leaves may be reflective, have small surface area
• pineapple grass is fire retardant
• sphagnum moss (20x weight in water)
• protection in subnivean space
• torpor / aestivation (bogong moths MPP)

Question 18

Natural stresses

Answer 18

Frost, wind, drought, weather extremes, fire

Question 19

Drought - el nino

Answer 19

Reduced depth and longevity of snow pack

• lack of habitat and spring runoff from bogs and fens
• lack of available subnivean space for alpine fauna
• earlier invasion of subalpine and montane predator species

Question 20

Bushfire

Answer 20

2003

• alpine vegetation was burnt as high to very high severity
• most serious impact = sphagnum moss (growth rate = 3.5cm per 100 years)
• fire burnt through 20% of MPP habitat in southern end and >80% of habitat in Northern KNP

2020 (black summer)

• 1/3 of KNP was burnt
• horses congregate on unbrunt patches of vegetation, increasing erosion
• reduced frog population from 700 000 to 20 000 since the 80s)
• destroyed vital food sources for MPP including Mountain Plum Pine

Question 21

Rate of change: Natural

Answer 21

Bushfire (2003 + 2020) - 58% of vegetation burnt - catastrophic cos it happened twice in a period shorter than 20 years.

Drought (2002 El Nino) - 990mm vs 1400mm average

Severe weather - 149 lightning strikes ignited a fire that burnt for 60 days

Question 22

Rate of change: human

Answer 22

introduced species (brumbies) - 6150 wild horses in KNP (2014) –> now there are 20 000

tourism: KNP - 3 million annual visitors

Climate change (snow cover) - 30% decline in snow cover since 1954, highest annual snow depth decrease of 35.8cm since 1954.

Question 23

Human impacts

Answer 23

Introduced species (orange hawkweed and wild horses) 
Tourism (ski industry and summer tourism) 
Climate change (reduced snow cover, vertical succession)

Question 24

Grazing

Answer 24

• grazing affects the soil and changes the composition of plant species
• grazing started in the alpine regions of NSW and VIC in 1820
• grazing for > 100 years, 800 000 ha of soil lost
• only 60cm of topsoil remained when grazing was banned in 1958
• 60% of the alpine area was damaged by trampling of hard hoofed cattle and horses

Question 25

Introduced species: brumbies

Answer 25

- causes significant damage to riverbeds, streams, natural bogs, wetlands and soil structure - can spread weeds as they carry seeds in their tails, manes and dung- these weeds outgrowing native vegetation - horses disturb delicate soil structure - foul waterways, posing a biosecurity risk - 20 000 feral horses in KNP growing at an annual rate of 23%

Question 26

Introduced species: orange hawkweed

Answer 26

- introduced as an ornamental plant - can outcompete native plants (up to 3800 plants per m2) creating a dense mat of foliage - up to 40 000 seeds can be released durin gsummer - should the weed reach its potential, losses to the Aus grazing industry could be $48 million / year

Question 27

Tourism

Answer 27

- 4 main alpine resort areas in KNP (Perisher Blue, Thredbo, Selwyn and Charlotte's Pass) - collective footprint of 40km2 - semi permanent year round population of people = 1000, swelling to 30 000 during winter - clearing of vegetation, pollution from sewage, waste water - Charlottes Pass (over night visitors) produce 5x the amount of rubbish and use 7x the amount of water - Perisher constructed a carpark over 10 000m2 of bogs and fens - 40% of the MPP population occur within ski resort lease areas - habit decrease by 80% ,estimating 500 adults left

Question 28

Climate change

Answer 28

- snowline retreated from 1300 to 1500m over last 50 years - due to increased temperatures, resorts could lose 1/4 of their snow and half by 2050 - MPP relies on subnivean space - greater rain rather than snow and greater temperature fluctuations with shallower snow cover causes more frequent qakening, greater loss of stored body fat and higher winter mortality

Question 29

Heritage Value

Answer 29

Cultural: evidence of cattle grazing era - first commercial ski development at thredbo built in 1957 - from 1990, 3 million visitors annually - includes Australia's highest mountain - brumbies as a part of Australian history

Question 30

Utility value

Answer 30

- Cattle grazing - Water catchment (contributes around 30% of flow into murray darling basin system - could be worth 4-8 million dollars) - Research facilities, including the International Tundra Experiment and the Global research initiative in alpine environments

Question 31

Genetic diverstity

Answer 31

Isoalted isslands make it difficult for animals and plants adapted to alpine to recolonise damaged area Endemic species

Question 32

Intrinsic

Answer 32

commodification of natural beauty

Question 33

Traditional management 1 - stewardship

Answer 33

- seasonal migration to the alpine area, sustainable consumption of bogong moths and moving from food source to food source - evidence of stone scatters (as a result of tool making, use and discard activities) - evidence of ancient campfires, stone tools dating back 17000 years

Question 34

Traditional management 2 - agreement

Answer 34

- Australian Alps national parks sponsoring a gathering of aboriginal traditional owners - An agreement was made to work together under the condition that the Aboriginal elders had access to the resources and identification of stewardship to the land

Question 35

Grazing management

Answer 35

- Short growing season = no chance of recovery, leaving soil exposed to erosion - An attempt was made to manage the grazing with the introduction of leases in 1889 - 1944: Kosciusko state park was established and grazing of alpine area was phased out - Banned in the alpine area of KNP in 1958 and then the whole park by 1969

Question 36

National Park and Zoning (management)

Answer 36

- declared a national park in 1967 - Management zones: Wilderness, Black Country, Minor Road corridors, Major road corridors, Visitor service, Alpine resort zone - Some zones include sacred places and have higher restrictions - Approximately 50% of KNP (350 000 ha) is protected as Wilderness Zone (preservation) - 49% is Back Country Zone (conservation zone) - Wilderness areas: large well connected areas protecting biodiversity, have cultural significance as they often contain Aboriginal sites

Question 37

Orange Hawkweed Managment

Answer 37

Unmanned drones (UAV) and satellite imagery are being used as a weed detection device. Weed detection dogs are also being used to cull this species.

Question 38

Management- sustainable tourism

Answer 38

- Raised steel walkway - Blue Cow is a day only resort - Ski TUbe can carry 225 passengers, reducing impact of cars and carparks

Question 39

Management: Frog

Answer 39

SOuthern frog program in 4 institutions: Taronga Zoo, Melbourne Zoo, Amphibian research centres, healesville sanctuary - housed in specialised, climate-controlled facilities that replicate their natural habitats with strict quarnatine - >2000 frogs released to KNP and 2000 to brindabella