ALR A2 Chapter 3 - Part 2 (Part 1 in GoConqr)

Question 1

What we have learned above all else from this
research is that the __________ of interference from the first language does not
imply that interference is the most ________ or most crucial factor in adult
second language acquisition.

Answer 1

saliency, relevant

Question 2

Adults and children both manifest ____________, the result of an attempt to discover the rules of the L2 apart from the
rules of the L1. Thus, L1 is a facilitating factor, and not just an interfering factor.

Answer 2

intralingual errors

Question 3

Emphasizing the absence of L1 _____________, they claimed that “transfer of L1 syntactic patterns rarely occurs” in child L2 acquisition (1976, p. 72).

Answer 3

interference

Question 4

They claimed that children learning a second language use a ______________ process, just as they do in their first language.

Answer 4

creative construction

Question 5

This conclusion was supported by research data collected on the acquisition order of eleven English ___________ in children learning English as a
second language.

Answer 5

morphemes

Question 6

Support for Dulay and Burt’s order of acquisition hypothesis came from Zobl
and Liceras (1994, p. 161 ), but others argued suspect statistical procedures
( Rosansky, 1976 ) and that 11 English morphemes constitute only a minute portion
of English _________ (Larsen-Freeman, 1976; Roger Andersen, 1978 ).

Answer 6

syntax

Question 7

Larsen-
Freeman (1976), among others, hinted that ____________ of occurrence in the
child’s input may be an explanation of the consistent findings.

Answer 7

frequency

Question 8

How do morpheme-order studies shed light on the relevance of age for acquisition? While the ________ of ostensibly universal patterns of acquisition remain a bit of a mystery, the fact that children manifest such an order raises
questions about natural orders for adults.

Answer 8

causes

Question 9

Bardovi-Harlig (1999b) contended
that a semantic-oriented approach (as opposed to syntactic) had more ___________.

Answer 9

explanatory power

Question 10

In this vein, oldschneider & DeKeyser (2001, 2005) refined earlier claims about acquisition order by proposing five _____________ of acquisition order across numerous languages:

Answer 10

determinants

Question 11

Goldschneider and DeKeyser suggested that “teachers could make the [five determinants]
work for them and could potentially increase the rate of __________ by
presenting material . . . in a way that capitalizes on these causes” (2005, p. 63 ).

Answer 11

acquisition

Question 12

After all these years of research, judging a person’s competence under the best
of conditions (without intervening variables) relies on ____________ from performance
(the actual “________” of language) data.

Answer 12

inference, doing

Question 13

When we say, “Do you speak English?” or “______________?” we usually
mean “and do you understand it, too?”

Answer 13

Parlez-vous francais

Question 14

When we say, “Do you speak English?” or “Parlez-vous français?” we usually
mean “and do you _________ it, too?”

Answer 14

understand

Question 15

Both child and adult second language
learners will normally __________ a distinction before being able to produce it.

Answer 15

hear

Question 16

Adults are actually better at rote ________, especially beyond a few words, but
may not comprehend the meaning of what has been ___________.

Answer 16

mimicry, mimicked

Question 17

Adults may be
more inhibited and therefore attempt to speak less willingly than children, but
because of their more __________ cognition, be more willing to attend to longer
passages of written or spoken text.

Answer 17

mature

Question 18

What happens after puberty to the magic “little black box” (the _____________ or ____)? Does the adult suffer from linguistic “hardening of
the arteries”?

Answer 18

Language Acquisition Device, LAD

Question 19

Does the LAD “grow up” and outlive its usefulness? We don’t have
complete answers to these questions, but there have been some hints in the
discussion of _____, _____, and _____ factors.

Answer 19

physical, cognitive, affective

Question 20

If an adult does not acquire a second language successfully, it is probably
because of intervening cognitive or affective variables and not the absence
of ___________.

Answer 20

innate capacities

Question 21

Some research on child SLA suggests that children’s developing L2 grammars
are indeed constrained by ________________ ( Lakshmanan, 1995 ;
Bhatia & Ritchie, 2009 ).

Answer 21

Universal Grammar

Question 22

But it is not immediately clear whether this knowledge
is available directly from a truly universal “_____,” or through the
mediation of the first language.

Answer 22

source

Question 23

Some researchers have concluded that
second language learners have only “___________” to UG ( O’Grady, 1996 ),
while Bley-Vroman (1988) conjectured that adults acquire second language
systems without any reference to UG at all!

Answer 23

partial access

Question 24

Second language linguistic development in “natural” (__________) contexts
appears in many instances to mirror the L1 acquisition process: learners
induce rules, generalize across a category, overgeneralize, and proceed in
stages of development (more on this in Chapter 9 ).

Answer 24

untutored

Question 25

Whether one’s memory consists of one storage system (compound bilingualism) or two (coordinate bilingualism), we know that language acquisition at any age is also “____________.”

Answer 25

thought acquisition

Question 26

The L2 learner must sort out new meanings from old, distinguish thoughts and concepts in one language that are similar but not quite __________ to the L2, or acquire new systems of _____________.

Answer 26

parallel, conceptualization

Question 27

Too many language classes are filled with rote practice that centers on surface forms. Most cognitive psychologists agree that the frequency of stimuli and the number of times spent practicing a form are not as highly important as meaningfulness, although some research suggests the importance of frequency ( N. Ellis, 2002 ; Gor & Long, 2009 ). All sources are unequivocal in advocating contextualized, meaningful communication in the L2 as the best possible “__________.”

Answer 27

practice

Question 28

_____, and how it is processed and acted upon, has emerged as one of the most fundamental keys to acquisition at any age ( Gor & Long, 2009 ).

Answer 28

Input

Question 29

The efficiency of its ___________, along with related [corrective] ___________, may well prove to be an overriding predictor of successful L2 acquisition in any classroom setting.

Answer 29

deliverance, feedback

Question 30

No doubt a study of children’s amazing ________ in acquiring conversational ability and in perceiving intended meaning will help us find ways of teaching such capacities to second language learners.

Answer 30

dexterity

Question 31

But we cannot underestimate the superiority of older children’s and adults’ ability to utilize subtle pragmatic elements of language such as metaphor, humor, “_______” of meaning, double entendres, and nonverbal cues.

Answer 31

shades

Question 32

In Chapter 2 , we saw that research on language teaching in the modern era may have been sparked by _____________’s observation of his young nephew’s first language acquisition.

Answer 32

Francois Gouin

Question 33

The founder of the __________ method, James Asher (1977), noted that children, in learning their first language, appear to do a lot of listening before they speak, and that their listening is accompanied by ___________ (reaching, grabbing, moving, looking, and so forth).

Answer 33

Total Physical Response, physical responses

Question 34

A typical TPR class utilized the __________ mood, even at more advanced proficiency levels.

Answer 34

imperative

Question 35

_____________ were an easy way to get learners to get out of their seats and to loosen up: “Open the window,” “Pick up the book,” “Give it to John.”

Answer 35

Commands

Question 36

______________ were also easily dealt with: “Where is the book?” “Who is John?” (Students point to the book or to John).

Answer 36

Interrogatives

Question 37

Like other methods of the twentieth century, TPR had its limitations. It was especially effective in the beginning levels of language proficiency, but lost its distinctiveness as learners advanced in their _________.

Answer 37

competence

Question 38

But today TPR is used more as a type of classroom ________, which is a more useful way to view it. Many successful communicative, interactive classrooms utilize TPR activities to provide both ___________ input and _________ activity.

Answer 38

activity, auditory, physical

Question 39

One of the claims of Krashen’s (1982) theories of L2 acquisition was that adults should acquire a second language just as children do: They should be given the opportunity to “pick up” a language, and shouldn’t be forced to “_______” grammar in the classroom.

Answer 39

study

Question 40

major methodological offshoot of Krashen’s work was the ___________ ( Krashen & Terrell, 1983 ).

Answer 40

Natural Approach

Question 41

Acting on many of the claims that Asher made for TPR, Krashen and Terrell felt that learners would benefit from delaying production until speech “___________,” that learners should be as relaxed as possible in the classroom, and that a great deal of communication and “acquisition” should take place, as opposed to analysis.

Answer 41

emerges

Question 42

The __________ simulated child language acquisition through the use of TPR activities at the beginning level.

Answer 42

Natural Approach

Question 43

Everyday language situations were highlighted: shopping, home and health topics, etc. But in advocating teacher delivered “____________” (spoken language that is understandable to the learner or just a little beyond the learner’s level), this method departed from strictly drawing insights from children’s “natural” acquisition.

Answer 43

comprehensible input

Question 44

Richards & Rodgers (2001) noted that the delay of ________ can be pushed too far and that at an early stage it is important for the teacher to step in and encourage students to talk. Language learning is, after all, an interactive process.

Answer 44

oral production

Question 45

We have seen in this chapter that there certainly appear to be some potential advantages to an early age for SLA, but there is absolutely no evidence that an adult cannot overcome all of those disadvantages save one, accent, and the latter is hardly the quintessential criterion for effective __________ communication.

Answer 45

interpersonal

Question 46

Scovel (1999) says it well: “‘The _________, the better’ is a myth that has been fueled by media hype and, sometimes, ‘junk science.’ . . . On at least several planes—literacy, vocabulary, pragmatics, schematic knowledge, and even syntax—adults have been shown to be superior learners” (p. 1).

Answer 46

younger

Question 47

Praise for the child’s marvelous ability to learn languages must be mitigated by recognition of an equally pesky penchant for ________!

Answer 47

forgetting