ALS Lecture 3 - Acute Respiratory Infection and Pneumonia DONE Flashcards by Ruby Cummings

physical/anatomical defence mechanism of respiratory tract (2)

nasal hair filters particles

- nasal turbinates act as baffles

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physiological/mechanical defence mechanism of respiratory tract (4)

mucus, cilia, sneezing, coughing

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innate immunity defence mechanism of respiratory tract (2)

alveolar macrophages, antimicrobial substances

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acquired immunity defence mechanism of respiratory tract (1)

specific IgA secretion

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cough reflex is mediated by

sensory nerves in pharynx, motor nerves

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mucociliary escalator

push mucus up and out

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label the diagram of the mucociliary escalator

done

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cells protecting our lungs via innate immunity (8)

alveolar macrophage, tissue macrophage, dendritic cell, mast cells, eosinophils, innate lymphoid cells, cytokines, antimicrobial peptides

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humoral immunity is mainly

antibodies from B lymphocytes

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antibody in upper airways

secretory IgA, antibacterial, antiviral

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antibodies that reach airways via blood vessels

IgG, IgM

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alveoli contain which antibody?

IgG

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acquired immunity is mostly controlled by

T-lymphocytes

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acquired immunity is very important for adaptive immunity against

intracellular pathogens, e.g. Mycobacteria, Legionella

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flowchart of acquired immunity process

inhaled antigens cross epithelium –> APC –> BALT –> memory T + effector cells

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commensalism is a relationship between two organisms where

one benefits, other unaffected

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infection is the presence of a

microorganism damaging body tissues

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opportunistic infection is an infection caused by a microorganism that

doesn’t usually cause disease, becomes pathogenic when defences compromised

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label the diagram of the upper respiratory tract and the bacteria that colonise them

done

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commensals/colonisers of the respiratory tract include

Viridans streptococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae

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colinisation

no harmful effects, host defences keep microorganisms at bay

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infection

destruction/invasion/production of toxins

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Streptococcus pneumoniae is the commonest cause of

bacterial pneumonia

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Haemophilus influenzae is the commonest cause of

acute bacterial bronchitis

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Staphylococcus aureus produces

toxins that kill tissue (lung cavity)

Gram negatives, e.g. Klebsiella species are common in

immunocompromised patients, in hospitals

group A streptococus is rarely

in lung

Legionella pneumoniae

no cell wall, intracellular, abx on cell wall won't work

bacteria that have no cell wall, intracellular, abx on cell wall won't work

legionella pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydophila pneumoniae

URTIs can occur anywhere in the airway above

epiglottis

common symptoms of URTIs include (8)

nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat, cough, sneezing, headache, facial pain, fever

LRTIs occur in the airway below

glottis

leading cause of death amongst all infectious diseases

LRTIs

acute bronchitis is

trachea-bronchial tree inflammation

symptoms of acute bronchitis (4)

cough, SOB, wheeze, chest pain

in acute bronchitis, chest x-ray is

normal

viruses that cause acute bronchitis (5)

rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza, influenza A/B

bacteria that cause acute bronchitis (4)

Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococus aureus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae

exacerbations of COPD occur in patients with

COPD

COPD exacerbations have sustained increase in COPD symptoms such as (3)

SOB, cough, wheeze

pathologically, exacerbations of COPD are

acute bronchitis on top of COPD

COPD exacerbations can be (2)

infective, non-infective

what suggests bacterial infection in COPD exacerbations? (2)

sputum volume, purulence

in COPD exacerbations, chest x-ray is

normal

lung consolidation is when the air in alveoli is

replaced with something else (e.g. blood, pus, water, cells)

the difference between acute bronchitis and pneumonia is that with pneumonia

we see consolidation on CXR

pneumonia is

symptoms/signs of acute LRTI with new x-ray findings

label the x-ray of pneumonia

done

in a classical pneumonia picture there is _____ of the lung but the ___ are open

consolidation, bronchi

air bronchogram

on CXR, can see open bronchi (black lines within consolidation)

different classifications on pneumonia (6)

lobar, bronchopneumonia, community, nosocomial, typical, atypical

lobar pneumonia involves a

whole/large are of lobe

bronchopneumonia is inflammation from

walls of bronchioles with foci consolidation

community acquired pneumonia is

seen by GP or new hosp admission

nosocomial pneumonia is when a pt

in hosp >48hrs, recently discharged (includes VAP)

typical pneumonia-causing organism is

S. pneumoniae

atypical pneumonia-causing organisms are (3)

Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia

most commonly used classifications on pneumonia are

community/nosocomial

community/nosocomial classifications are most used because they

help us predict which pathogen

bacteria that cause CAP include (7)

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci, Coxiella burnetii, Staphylococcus aureus

viruses that cause CAP include (5)

influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), adenovirus

most common symptoms of CAP (4)

chills, fever, pleurisy, cough

blood tests of CAP (2)

high WCC, C-reactive protein (CRP)

Legionella pneumophila resides in

warm water (e.g. air conditioning)

Legionella pneumophila causes 2 syndromes

Legionnaire's disease, Pontiac fever

Legionella pneumophila on chest x-ray shows

patchy consolidation

Legionella pneumophila urine test

urine antigen

Legionella pneumophila treatment

macrolide or quinolone, penicillins won't work

Mycoplasma pneumoniae CXR test

rapid molecular testing of URT swab

Mycoplasma pneumoniae treatment

macrolide, tetracycline

common pathogens that cause hospital acquired pneumonia

Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus/MRSA

risk factors for pneumonia (6)

intubation, smoking, alcohol, sepsis, immunosupression, drugs

label the symptoms of infectious pneumonia diagram

done

diagnosis for pneumonia (4)

history, examination, imaging, bloods

blood tests for pneumonia

FBC, U&Es, LFT, CRP

fill in the diagram of CURB-65 score to assess pneumonia severity

done

ALS Lecture 3 - Acute Respiratory Infection and Pneumonia DONE Flashcards

(76 cards)