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als- other lagged Flashcards

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1
Q

in vitro embryo development

A

morula 5d
compact morula 6d
early blastocyst 7d
blastocyst 7d
expanded blastocyst 8d
hatched blastocyst 9d

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2
Q

evaluation of embryo developmental stage

A

3 - early morula - >16 cells

4 - compact moral - compact and blastomeres = 32 cells

5 - early blasts - blastocele <50%

6- blastocyst - blastocele > 50%, differentiation

7 - expand blast - expanded w. zona and thinning

8 - hatched blast - partly/completely out of zona

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3
Q

quality of foraging embryos + ET

A

code1 = excellent/good
spherical, symmetrical, uniform size, colour + density of cells >85% of mass should be intact, intact zona pellucida

code2 = fair
moderate irregularities >50% of embryonic mass should be intact

code 3 = poor
major irregularities >25% of embryonic mass should be intact

code 4 = dead/degenerating
degenerating embryos,oocytes of 1 cell stage embryos

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4
Q

benefits of ET

A

faster genetic progress
offspring from old/injured animals
increased milk production in dairy herd
increased farm income through embryo sales (easier to transport and than live animals)
preserves superior genetics/endangered species

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5
Q

limitations of ET

A

decreased genetic diversity
expensive and time consuming
success rates less than AI
not all potential donors respond well

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6
Q

pregnancy rates according to embryo quality

A

excellent 63%
fair 58%
poor 31%
degenerated 12%

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7
Q

MOET

A

embryos flushed from donor and transferred to recipient

goal = obtain maximum number of genetically superior embryos in minimal amount of time

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8
Q

MOET - select donor cow

A

based on produceer preference
has to be reproductively sound (no birthing difficulties, normal cycles etc)
disease free, appropriate BCS etc

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9
Q

MOET- superovulation of donor cow

A

9-11d after heat, give FSH, LH to induce ovulation

could give prostaglandins to cause estrus in 48-60h

85% of donors average 5 transferable embyros

purified FSH 2x1d for 4-5d

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10
Q

MOET insemination of donor cow

A

2-3 x at 12 h intervals 12h after onset of standing heat

semen put in body of uterus

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11
Q

MOEt flushing embyros

A

7d after start of estrus
rectal US to assess superovulatory response (CLs) and give epidural

use a foley catheter, collection flask and flushing fluid

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12
Q

MOET - selection and preparation of recipients

A

young dairy cows in good BC - repro sound
in heifer - 15m+, 350kg+ - cheap and better for synchro but possible calving problmes

syncorhinsed with PGF, gestated or Ovsynch

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13
Q

MOET - transfer of embyros

A

load embryo in 0.25ml insemiahtion straw and low into ET gun
palpate recipient to see which ovary has CL and transfer to ipsilateral uterine horne

transfer within 8hr after flushing (can be frozen)

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14
Q

steeps of MOET

A

select donor cow
superovualtion of donor cow
insemination of donor cow
flushing embyros
evaluate embyros
selection and preparation of recipient
transfer of embyros

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15
Q

presentation problems

A

cause = strong uterine contractions, strong felt movements, insufficient cvervical dilation

prognosis = often poor - difficult to correct

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16
Q

ventroverticla

A

dog sitting presentation
head and forelimbs may be in canal
correction = try to rotate in to anterior, longitudinal (or posterior if hind limbs closer)

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17
Q

dorsovertical

A

back first
correction = secret what you can and treto-pulse everything else extend into anterior longitudinal but in ventral position rotate into doors position

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18
Q

dorsotransverse

A

decided which extremity is closest to pelvic inlet -> retro pulse and rotate to longitudinal anterior or posterior

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19
Q

ventrotransverse

A

all limbs are extended In birth canal
check it’s not twins/shishotstoma refluxes
correction = rotate to posterior longitudinal dorsal or ventral , if ventral rotate to dorsal

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20
Q

bicornual transverse

A

in mare
extremities in the horns and trunk lies across anterior portion of uterine body
ventral displacement possible

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21
Q

ventroversion/flexion of gravid uterus

A

fetus in transverse presentation (in front of pelvic entrance)
correction = reposition uterus -turning animal, board, repositions fetus, fluids

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22
Q

neonataology

A

first 2-3 weeks of life

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23
Q

1 week old

A

34.7-37.2 oC (birth) -> 36.1-37.8oC
4 neuro reflexes: rooting, righting, suckling and flexing
feed q2-4h
crawling

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24
Q

2 weeks old

A

increase body temp
eyes open day 10-12
weight gain 2x since birth

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25
3 weeks old
iris is blue-grey colour external ear canals open 14-16d should stand by end od 3rd week
26
4 weeks old
walking and exploring surroundngs
27
watch out for in neonates
hypoxia - = first biggest killer hypothermia = can't digest milk -> fermentation -> ileus = bradycardia -> hypoxia -> acidosis hypoglycaemia = cause = starvation, sepsis, large litter, hypoxia = signs - tremors, crying, increased appetite, stupor, coma =treat - 0.5-1ml/kg 40% glucose diluted 1:4 slowly, feed after hypothermia correction normal = 3.12-7.62mmol/L dehydration = cause - vom, diarrhoea, decreased milk intake, pneumonia = signs- check MM and skin turgor = occurs v quickly = treat - sc, IV or intrassesou warm fluid
28
ABC protocol
chest compression 1-2/s with pause for breathing
29
drugs for neonates
naloxone: IV, SC,IM, sublin, IO buprenorphine: butorphanol: no ACE inhibitors, atropine, NSAIDs, aminoglcyosidees, tetracyclines or chloranicol
30
blood in neonates
total volume 7ml/100gn
31
neonatal hypoglycaemia
combined with hypothermia and other problems foals need 5-7L in 24h treatment = NG if no sucking reflex, parenteral feeding always with enteral, check gut function dont give peritonelal never give glucose without checking with glucometer
32
neonatal isoerythrolysis
=colostral antibodies from dam destroy neonaatal RBC signs = vital foal v. ill in 24h weak, yellow MM, no suckling reflex treatment = separate from mum, colostrum replacenetm, protect liver, blood transfusion prevention = indirect Coombs test on mum blood 30 d before parts also In kittens , test parents before mating colostrum and milk replacement, return to mother after 2-3d
33
fading puppy syndrome
neonatal sepsis signs.= hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, dehydration, infections therapy = intensive care, ATB, heating
34
cave excavatum
= swimmer puppy syndrome - mulicaseous ethology but genetic predisposition -> too muchh milk, too warm environment, slippy surfaces therapy = massages, physio, rough surfaces, swimming, front limb fixation
35
meconium retention
should be passed within 4-12h cause = lack of colostrum, weak vitality- weak persitaliss signs = restlessness 6-24h PP, loss of suckling reflex, straining, kyphosis, colic like signs diagnosis = history, digitorectal palpation therapy= enena, buscopan, acetylcysteine buffered via Foley catheter gastroprotectants
36
neonatal diarrhea
causes = overeating, changes in milk composition, unhygienic environment, gastritis and oclitis signs = lethargy, weakness, vomting , decreased appetite, halitosis, straining, sunken abdo, dirty anus, smell diagnosis.= history, signs, therapy = remove cause, fluids and probiotics, remove milk, ATB I fever- risk of complications
37
umbilical problems - omphalorrhagia
= bleeding from umbilicus - should stop due to changes in BP + thrombosis - don't cut with sharp knife - arterial more common due to higher pressure -> in streams = arterial, in drops = venous treatment = fresh stump - aseptic ligation = old stump - thermoregulation astringent powder If blood loss significant - IV fluids or blood transfusion
38
umbilical infection
during and after parturition localisation = CT of umbilical membrane, blood vessel ends, both dangerous due to rapid invasion of peritoneum and internal organs --> parachute rapid exits lethalis
39
urachus fistula
= patent wachus - should obliterate normally after umbilical tearing - most often affects colts - diagnosis = urine dripping, moist and smelly umbilical + CT - can lead to peritonitis + sepsis - therapy = astringente sticks with ATB, catheter and ligation or surgery prognosis = depends on complications
40
intrapartum trauma
cause = dystocia, delivery par force signs = wounds from eye hooks etc, internal bleeding, joint dislocation/closed fractures prophylaxis = realistic diagnosis and prognosis, experience - C-section or fetotomy
41
neonatal sepsis
"sleepy" foals = vital at birth and first 24h boy then severely ill and die within 48h infection intrauterine or umbiliica signs = septic shock, cold extremities, weakness, coma, death, rarely fever treatment = intensivee care -ATB, fluids, parenteral feeding, plasma transfusion
42
neonatal maladjustment
"wobbly" foals neurochanges - incoordination, absent minded foal treatment = intensive care, Madigan method
43
Apgar scoring
immediately for calves within 1-3 mins for foals 2 = best A= appearance P=pulse G=grimace A=activity R= respiration scores 7-8 = vital 4-6 danger 0-3 avital
44
foals APGAR
pulse 0 = not found 1= <60 2= >60 grimace 0= no response 1= moving 2= sneezing activity 0= weak 1= flex limbs 2= sternal position respiratory 0= not found 1= slow/irregular 2= >60 regular
45
calves APGAR
grimace 0=nothing 1= decreased 2= active = check head movements under cold water activity = check pupils and interdigital reflex respiratory 0= nothing 1= arrhytmic 2= rhythmic MM 0= pale/blue 1= cyanotic 2= pink
46
reasons for neonatal resuscitation
lack of spontaneous breathing/iregular panting less than 10breaths per minute lack of irregular/pulse or less than 40per min flaccid and non-responsive C-section
47
puppies APGAR
pulse 0= <180 1= 180-220 2= >220 respiration 0= none or <6 1= 6-15 2= >15 reflexes 0= no 2= present MM 0= cyanotic 1= pale 2= pink
48
gene silencing/gene therapy
"turn off" a specific gene viral vector delivers siRNA needed to suppress gene and siRNA has to get to the cells that express the gene targets = kisspeptisn, GnIH, gametes,andorgen receptors
49
fetotomy
operations performed on fetus to decrease size by divison/removal of parts for vaginal delivery partial or total
50
when to do fetootmy
dead fetus emphysematous fetus fetus toobig/pelvis too narrow fetus has abnormality irreducible/incorrect 3Ps
51
fetus alive?
pinch toes/poke eyes -move away put finger in mouth - sucke check retail tone - should contract
52
kill fetus
use finger knife to cut vascular structures on neck or umbilicus faster and less painful = head decapitation with fetotomy wire
53
after care, after fetotomy
remove every piece of fetus, check uterus for cuts/another calf, remove placenta, oxytocin, ATB locally or systemic if infected
54
advantages of fetotomy
little assistance needed lower cost less intense post op avoids excessive maniupulation
55
disadvantage of fetooym
possible laceration of birth canal exhaustion of dam injury of vet
56
type of cut in fetotomy
transverse = section perpendicular to long axis of fetotome oblique = section oblique to long axis of fetotome longitudinal = section parallel to long axis of fetotome
57
method of fetotomy
subcutaneous/intrafetal = remove enough parts of limbs to decrease size of fetus lost of physical strength needed and time consuming percutaneous/extrafetal method
58
danish (zagreb) method
anterior longitudinal presentaiton head removal oblique section of forelimb, next and part of thorac section of pelvis or fetal trunk bisection of pelvis
59
dystocia
difficult birth
60
normal intrauterine 3P
calf anterior presentionat transverse position foal anterior presentation ventral position
61
normal intrapartal 3P
calf anterior/poseroir presentation dorsal positioni head/legs extended in to birth canal
62
dystocia problems
contractions --> pressure on umbilicus --> poor circulation --> tachycardia, hypoxia and fetla death
63
stags of calving
1= preparation, dilation of cervix INTERVENEif lasts longer than 4-8h 2= chorioallantoic sac ruptures early , amniotic sac forced through vulva INTERVENE: =water sac visible for 2 h and cow not trying = trying for 30+ mins and no progres = abnormal 3Ps = signs of excessive fatigue = breaks longer than 15-2o mins after progress 3= INTERVENE if placenta not passed within 12 h of delivery §
64
causes of dystocia
FETAL oversized dfetus congenital abnormality abnormal orientation MATERNAL birth canal pathologies felt membrane abnormalitis placenta problems
65
dystocia- what to do
secure every postrure that is normal replace fetal fluids retropulse to correct abnormalities 1. history 2. general exam of mother 3. gynae 4+5. diagnosis and treatment 6. prognosis
66
torso capitis
head rotated around longitudinal axis by 45-90o
67
torso wapitis and cervicis
head and neck rotated by 180o correction = retropulsion and rotate
68
retroflexion capiti
correction = with snares and hands - hook later jaw or eyes - pull snout dorsal and crnaial
69
ventroflexio capitis
correction = retro pulse and lift nsout secure forelimbs and repel with flexion, convert ventral flexion to lateral and draw head into canal
70
retroflex capitis
head resting on fetal spine correction - move head to lateroflexion and correct that
71
flex phalanges primae
fetlock felxion easily corrected
72
flexoi carpi
in pelvis = engaged in uterus = disengaged correction = repeal, take metacarpus proximal to fetlock, lift limb dorsally whilst flexing shoulder and elbow. cup hoof and extend into canal
73
flexio scapulohumeralis
bilateral = only head in birth canal correction = grasp leg by radius and pull toward birth canal, convert shoulder flexion to carpal flexion and then correct
74
flexion scapulohumeralis et cubiti
shoulder and elbow flexion, had lying on hooves correction = retro pulse then traction 1 at a timee
75
legs crossed over head
correction - grasp fetlock, omove lateral and downward while repelling head cranially dorsal vaginal wall laceration possible if prolonged
76
flex tarsi
posterior presentation correction = repel metatarsus cranially and laterally until hoof can be drawn caudally and medially always cover hoof to prevent lacerations
77
flex coxalis
unilateral correction = grasp tibia of affected leg and more as close as possible to hock. flex hock and stifle then correct hock flexion
78
bilateral flexion coxalis
true breed preseentation correct = each leg 1 at a time Weizmann method, shake method, shake bench method
79
lateral position
anterior or posterior, fetal lies on R or L abdo wall correction = rotate in dorsal position sjöbergs method = pressure on eyes/between toes to cause movement head rotation can rotate whole body crossed extraction with snares on limbs
80
ventral position
anterior or posterior longitudinal presentaiton put damn in dorsal recumbency with elevated hind end dont' rotate damn - dangeous try movement reflexes and crossed snares to rotate, camera er detorsion fork or bar with ropes tied to limbs
81
why do pregnancy termination
unwanted mating bithc too young/old bitch health proglems litter of no value
82
phases of pregnancy termination
1= fertilisation to implantation - insecure diagnosis, CL refractory to luteolytics use estrogen, PGF, progesterone inhibitiors 2= implantation to ossification 100% secure diagnosis, resorption or explosion of foetuses, use PGF, dopamine agonists, progesterone inhibitors 3= after ossification, there is possibility of expulsion of live fetusses
83
4 mechanisms of preg termination
changing estrogen-progesteroen relation - estrogen or glucocorticoids inhibition of luteal function - PGF or dopamine agonists blocking progesterone synthesis by inhibiting steroidogenesis - epostan blocking progesteron activity on receptor leve - aglepriston
84
inflammatory mammary carcinoma
rare, locally aggressive, fast growing, highly malignant,highhlt metastatic form of mammary tumour that affects humans and dogs 7.6% of mmamary tumours in dogs are IMC
85
IMC histologically
high grade carcinoma with dermal lymphatic invasion anapaestic carcinoma tubular, solid or mixed high % of VEGF immunoreactive tumour cells meaning angiogenic and metastatic potential
86
forms of IMC
primary = animals without history of previouss mamary nodules secondary = with history of previous mammary tumour post surfical or non-post surgical
87
signs of IMC
edema, eryhtema, ucleration, warmth, firmness, pain maybe lymphadema of limbs uni or bilateral can mimic severe mastitis and dermatitis occurs in luteal phase of cycle due to progesteornr
88
metastasis of IMC
bladder ovaries and uterus rrrely to lung, liver bone and kdinsye
89
treatment of IMC
surgery not recommended palliative care adjuvant theray chemo, cox-2inhibitors v.poor prgonsosi - 60 days
90
pregnancy termination in cats
less common oestrogen's PGF2a (dinoprost and cloprostenol) dopamine agonist (cabergoline) antiprogestin
91
surgical castration
gonadectomy OVH long term problems; obesity, rinary incontiencne, endocrine disorders, behaviour changes, neoplasia
92
non-surgical castration
why= inconvenient estrus timing, pyometra management, contraception least invasive - separate male and female contraction havs to be: safe, cheap, efficient and easily applied
93
hormones for contracepiot
progestogens androgens GnRH agonist GnRH antagonist
94
vaccines for contraception
zona pellucida LH receptor GnRH vaccines
95
chemicals for contraception
zinc gluconadte ca chloride chlorhexiidne gddigluconate hypertonic saline
96
sex steroids
suppress GnRH through negative feedback direct effect on uterus, sperm transport or other mechasnisms can have side effects
97
androgesn
steroids that control and stimulate male sex characterisitcs negative feedback on :Lh, blocking ovulatory surgery don't give to pregnany-masculisation of female fetuses side effects = discharge, vaginitis, clitoral hyperoptrhy, aggression in males - itnerefers with spermatogensese due to LH suppression
98
testosteron
weekly IM

Repro 2 (4 decks)

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