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Repro 2 > als- other lagged > Flashcards

als- other lagged Flashcards

1
Q

in vitro embryo development

A

morula 5d
compact morula 6d
early blastocyst 7d
blastocyst 7d
expanded blastocyst 8d
hatched blastocyst 9d

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2
Q

evaluation of embryo developmental stage

A

3 - early morula - >16 cells

4 - compact moral - compact and blastomeres = 32 cells

5 - early blasts - blastocele <50%

6- blastocyst - blastocele > 50%, differentiation

7 - expand blast - expanded w. zona and thinning

8 - hatched blast - partly/completely out of zona

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3
Q

quality of foraging embryos + ET

A

code1 = excellent/good
spherical, symmetrical, uniform size, colour + density of cells >85% of mass should be intact, intact zona pellucida

code2 = fair
moderate irregularities >50% of embryonic mass should be intact

code 3 = poor
major irregularities >25% of embryonic mass should be intact

code 4 = dead/degenerating
degenerating embryos,oocytes of 1 cell stage embryos

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4
Q

benefits of ET

A

faster genetic progress
offspring from old/injured animals
increased milk production in dairy herd
increased farm income through embryo sales (easier to transport and than live animals)
preserves superior genetics/endangered species

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5
Q

limitations of ET

A

decreased genetic diversity
expensive and time consuming
success rates less than AI
not all potential donors respond well

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6
Q

pregnancy rates according to embryo quality

A

excellent 63%
fair 58%
poor 31%
degenerated 12%

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7
Q

MOET

A

embryos flushed from donor and transferred to recipient

goal = obtain maximum number of genetically superior embryos in minimal amount of time

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8
Q

MOET - select donor cow

A

based on produceer preference
has to be reproductively sound (no birthing difficulties, normal cycles etc)
disease free, appropriate BCS etc

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9
Q

MOET- superovulation of donor cow

A

9-11d after heat, give FSH, LH to induce ovulation

could give prostaglandins to cause estrus in 48-60h

85% of donors average 5 transferable embyros

purified FSH 2x1d for 4-5d

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10
Q

MOET insemination of donor cow

A

2-3 x at 12 h intervals 12h after onset of standing heat

semen put in body of uterus

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11
Q

MOEt flushing embyros

A

7d after start of estrus
rectal US to assess superovulatory response (CLs) and give epidural

use a foley catheter, collection flask and flushing fluid

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12
Q

MOET - selection and preparation of recipients

A

young dairy cows in good BC - repro sound
in heifer - 15m+, 350kg+ - cheap and better for synchro but possible calving problmes

syncorhinsed with PGF, gestated or Ovsynch

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13
Q

MOET - transfer of embyros

A

load embryo in 0.25ml insemiahtion straw and low into ET gun
palpate recipient to see which ovary has CL and transfer to ipsilateral uterine horne

transfer within 8hr after flushing (can be frozen)

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14
Q

steeps of MOET

A

select donor cow
superovualtion of donor cow
insemination of donor cow
flushing embyros
evaluate embyros
selection and preparation of recipient
transfer of embyros

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15
Q

presentation problems

A

cause = strong uterine contractions, strong felt movements, insufficient cvervical dilation

prognosis = often poor - difficult to correct

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16
Q

ventroverticla

A

dog sitting presentation
head and forelimbs may be in canal
correction = try to rotate in to anterior, longitudinal (or posterior if hind limbs closer)

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17
Q

dorsovertical

A

back first
correction = secret what you can and treto-pulse everything else extend into anterior longitudinal but in ventral position rotate into doors position

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18
Q

dorsotransverse

A

decided which extremity is closest to pelvic inlet -> retro pulse and rotate to longitudinal anterior or posterior

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19
Q

ventrotransverse

A

all limbs are extended In birth canal
check it’s not twins/shishotstoma refluxes
correction = rotate to posterior longitudinal dorsal or ventral , if ventral rotate to dorsal

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20
Q

bicornual transverse

A

in mare
extremities in the horns and trunk lies across anterior portion of uterine body
ventral displacement possible

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21
Q

ventroversion/flexion of gravid uterus

A

fetus in transverse presentation (in front of pelvic entrance)
correction = reposition uterus -turning animal, board, repositions fetus, fluids

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22
Q

neonataology

A

first 2-3 weeks of life

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23
Q

1 week old

A

34.7-37.2 oC (birth) -> 36.1-37.8oC
4 neuro reflexes: rooting, righting, suckling and flexing
feed q2-4h
crawling

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24
Q

2 weeks old

A

increase body temp
eyes open day 10-12
weight gain 2x since birth

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25
Q

3 weeks old

A

iris is blue-grey colour
external ear canals open 14-16d
should stand by end od 3rd week

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26
Q

4 weeks old

A

walking and exploring surroundngs

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27
Q

watch out for in neonates

A

hypoxia -
= first biggest killer

hypothermia
= can’t digest milk -> fermentation -> ileus
= bradycardia -> hypoxia -> acidosis

hypoglycaemia
= cause = starvation, sepsis, large litter, hypoxia
= signs - tremors, crying, increased appetite, stupor, coma
=treat - 0.5-1ml/kg 40% glucose diluted 1:4 slowly, feed after hypothermia correction
normal = 3.12-7.62mmol/L

dehydration
= cause - vom, diarrhoea, decreased milk intake, pneumonia
= signs- check MM and skin turgor
= occurs v quickly
= treat - sc, IV or intrassesou warm fluid

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28
Q

ABC protocol

A

chest compression 1-2/s with pause for breathing

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29
Q

drugs for neonates

A

naloxone: IV, SC,IM, sublin, IO
buprenorphine:
butorphanol:
no ACE inhibitors, atropine, NSAIDs,
aminoglcyosidees, tetracyclines or chloranicol

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30
Q

blood in neonates

A

total volume 7ml/100gn

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31
Q

neonatal hypoglycaemia

A

combined with hypothermia and other problems

foals need 5-7L in 24h

treatment = NG if no sucking reflex, parenteral feeding always with enteral, check gut function

dont give peritonelal

never give glucose without checking with glucometer

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32
Q

neonatal isoerythrolysis

A

=colostral antibodies from dam destroy neonaatal RBC

signs = vital foal v. ill in 24h weak, yellow MM, no suckling reflex

treatment = separate from mum, colostrum replacenetm, protect liver, blood transfusion

prevention = indirect Coombs test on mum blood 30 d before parts

also In kittens , test parents before mating
colostrum and milk replacement, return to mother after 2-3d

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33
Q

fading puppy syndrome

A

neonatal sepsis
signs.= hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, dehydration, infections
therapy = intensive care, ATB, heating

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34
Q

cave excavatum

A

= swimmer puppy syndrome

  • mulicaseous ethology but genetic predisposition -> too muchh milk, too warm environment, slippy surfaces

therapy = massages, physio, rough surfaces, swimming, front limb fixation

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35
Q

meconium retention

A

should be passed within 4-12h
cause = lack of colostrum, weak vitality- weak persitaliss

signs = restlessness 6-24h PP, loss of suckling reflex, straining, kyphosis, colic like signs

diagnosis = history, digitorectal palpation

therapy= enena, buscopan, acetylcysteine buffered via Foley catheter gastroprotectants

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36
Q

neonatal diarrhea

A

causes = overeating, changes in milk composition, unhygienic environment, gastritis and oclitis

signs = lethargy, weakness, vomting , decreased appetite, halitosis, straining, sunken abdo, dirty anus, smell

diagnosis.= history, signs,

therapy = remove cause, fluids and probiotics, remove milk, ATB I fever- risk of complications

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37
Q

umbilical problems - omphalorrhagia

A

= bleeding from umbilicus
- should stop due to changes in BP + thrombosis
- don’t cut with sharp knife
- arterial more common due to higher pressure
-> in streams = arterial, in drops = venous

treatment
= fresh stump - aseptic ligation
= old stump - thermoregulation astringent powder

If blood loss significant - IV fluids or blood transfusion

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38
Q

umbilical infection

A

during and after parturition

localisation = CT of umbilical membrane, blood vessel ends, both

dangerous due to rapid invasion of peritoneum and internal organs –> parachute rapid exits lethalis

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39
Q

urachus fistula

A

= patent wachus
- should obliterate normally after umbilical tearing
- most often affects colts
- diagnosis = urine dripping, moist and smelly umbilical + CT
- can lead to peritonitis + sepsis
- therapy = astringente sticks with ATB, catheter and ligation or surgery

prognosis = depends on complications

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40
Q

intrapartum trauma

A

cause = dystocia, delivery par force

signs = wounds from eye hooks etc, internal bleeding, joint dislocation/closed fractures

prophylaxis = realistic diagnosis and prognosis, experience - C-section or fetotomy

41
Q

neonatal sepsis

A

“sleepy” foals = vital at birth and first 24h boy then severely ill and die within 48h

infection intrauterine or umbiliica

signs = septic shock, cold extremities, weakness, coma, death, rarely fever

treatment = intensivee care -ATB, fluids, parenteral feeding, plasma transfusion

42
Q

neonatal maladjustment

A

“wobbly” foals
neurochanges - incoordination, absent minded foal

treatment = intensive care, Madigan method

43
Q

Apgar scoring

A

immediately for calves
within 1-3 mins for foals

2 = best

A= appearance
P=pulse
G=grimace
A=activity
R= respiration

scores
7-8 = vital
4-6 danger
0-3 avital

44
Q

foals APGAR

A

pulse
0 = not found
1= <60
2= >60

grimace
0= no response
1= moving
2= sneezing

activity
0= weak
1= flex limbs
2= sternal position

respiratory
0= not found
1= slow/irregular
2= >60 regular

45
Q

calves APGAR

A

grimace
0=nothing
1= decreased
2= active
= check head movements under cold water

activity
= check pupils and interdigital reflex

respiratory
0= nothing
1= arrhytmic
2= rhythmic

MM
0= pale/blue
1= cyanotic
2= pink

46
Q

reasons for neonatal resuscitation

A

lack of spontaneous breathing/iregular panting
less than 10breaths per minute
lack of irregular/pulse or less than 40per min

flaccid and non-responsive
C-section

47
Q

puppies APGAR

A

pulse
0= <180
1= 180-220
2= >220

respiration
0= none or <6
1= 6-15
2= >15

reflexes
0= no
2= present

MM
0= cyanotic
1= pale
2= pink

48
Q

gene silencing/gene therapy

A

“turn off” a specific gene
viral vector delivers siRNA needed to suppress gene and siRNA has to get to the cells that express the gene

targets = kisspeptisn, GnIH, gametes,andorgen receptors

49
Q

fetotomy

A

operations performed on fetus to decrease size by divison/removal of parts for vaginal delivery partial or total

50
Q

when to do fetootmy

A

dead fetus
emphysematous fetus
fetus toobig/pelvis too narrow
fetus has abnormality
irreducible/incorrect 3Ps

51
Q

fetus alive?

A

pinch toes/poke eyes -move away
put finger in mouth - sucke
check retail tone - should contract

52
Q

kill fetus

A

use finger knife to cut vascular structures on neck or umbilicus
faster and less painful = head decapitation with fetotomy wire

53
Q

after care, after fetotomy

A

remove every piece of fetus, check uterus for cuts/another calf, remove placenta, oxytocin, ATB locally or systemic if infected

54
Q

advantages of fetotomy

A

little assistance needed
lower cost
less intense post op
avoids excessive maniupulation

55
Q

disadvantage of fetooym

A

possible laceration of birth canal
exhaustion of dam
injury of vet

56
Q

type of cut in fetotomy

A

transverse = section perpendicular to long axis of fetotome

oblique = section oblique to long axis of fetotome

longitudinal = section parallel to long axis of fetotome

57
Q

method of fetotomy

A

subcutaneous/intrafetal
= remove enough parts of limbs to decrease size of fetus
lost of physical strength needed and time consuming

percutaneous/extrafetal method

58
Q

danish (zagreb) method

A

anterior longitudinal presentaiton

head removal
oblique section of forelimb, next and part of thorac
section of pelvis or fetal trunk
bisection of pelvis

59
Q

dystocia

A

difficult birth

60
Q

normal intrauterine 3P

A

calf
anterior presentionat
transverse position

foal
anterior presentation
ventral position

61
Q

normal intrapartal 3P

A

calf
anterior/poseroir presentation
dorsal positioni
head/legs extended in to birth canal

62
Q

dystocia problems

A

contractions –> pressure on umbilicus –> poor circulation –> tachycardia, hypoxia and fetla death

63
Q

stags of calving

A

1= preparation, dilation of cervix INTERVENEif lasts longer than 4-8h

2= chorioallantoic sac ruptures early , amniotic sac forced through vulva
INTERVENE:
=water sac visible for 2 h and cow not trying
= trying for 30+ mins and no progres
= abnormal 3Ps
= signs of excessive fatigue
= breaks longer than 15-2o mins after progress

3= INTERVENE if placenta not passed within 12 h of delivery §

64
Q

causes of dystocia

A

FETAL
oversized dfetus
congenital abnormality
abnormal orientation

MATERNAL
birth canal pathologies
felt membrane abnormalitis
placenta problems

65
Q

dystocia- what to do

A

secure every postrure that is normal
replace fetal fluids
retropulse to correct abnormalities

  1. history
  2. general exam of mother
  3. gynae
    4+5. diagnosis and treatment
  4. prognosis
66
Q

torso capitis

A

head rotated around longitudinal axis by 45-90o

67
Q

torso wapitis and cervicis

A

head and neck rotated by 180o
correction = retropulsion and rotate

68
Q

retroflexion capiti

A

correction = with snares and hands - hook
later jaw or eyes - pull
snout dorsal and crnaial

69
Q

ventroflexio capitis

A

correction = retro pulse and lift nsout
secure forelimbs and repel with flexion, convert ventral flexion to lateral and draw head into canal

70
Q

retroflex capitis

A

head resting on fetal spine
correction - move head to lateroflexion and correct that

71
Q

flex phalanges primae

A

fetlock felxion
easily corrected

72
Q

flexoi carpi

A

in pelvis = engaged
in uterus = disengaged
correction = repeal, take metacarpus proximal to fetlock, lift limb dorsally whilst flexing shoulder and elbow. cup hoof and extend into canal

73
Q

flexio scapulohumeralis

A

bilateral = only head in birth canal
correction = grasp leg by radius and pull toward birth canal, convert shoulder flexion to carpal flexion and then correct

74
Q

flexion scapulohumeralis et cubiti

A

shoulder and elbow flexion, had lying on hooves

correction = retro pulse then traction 1 at a timee

75
Q

legs crossed over head

A

correction - grasp fetlock, omove lateral and downward while repelling head cranially
dorsal vaginal wall laceration possible if prolonged

76
Q

flex tarsi

A

posterior presentation
correction = repel metatarsus cranially and laterally until hoof can be drawn caudally and medially always cover hoof to prevent lacerations

77
Q

flex coxalis

A

unilateral
correction = grasp tibia of affected leg and more as close as possible to hock. flex hock and stifle then correct hock flexion

78
Q

bilateral flexion coxalis

A

true breed preseentation
correct = each leg 1 at a time
Weizmann method, shake method, shake bench method

79
Q

lateral position

A

anterior or posterior, fetal lies on R or L abdo wall
correction = rotate in dorsal position
sjöbergs method = pressure on eyes/between toes to cause movement
head rotation can rotate whole body
crossed extraction with snares on limbs

80
Q

ventral position

A

anterior or posterior longitudinal presentaiton
put damn in dorsal recumbency with elevated hind end
dont’ rotate damn - dangeous
try movement reflexes and crossed snares to rotate, camera er detorsion fork or bar with ropes tied to limbs

81
Q

why do pregnancy termination

A

unwanted mating
bithc too young/old
bitch health proglems
litter of no value

82
Q

phases of pregnancy termination

A

1= fertilisation to implantation - insecure diagnosis, CL refractory to luteolytics use estrogen, PGF, progesterone inhibitiors

2= implantation to ossification 100% secure diagnosis, resorption or explosion of foetuses, use PGF, dopamine agonists, progesterone inhibitors

3= after ossification, there is possibility of expulsion of live fetusses

83
Q

4 mechanisms of preg termination

A

changing estrogen-progesteroen relation
- estrogen or glucocorticoids

inhibition of luteal function
- PGF or dopamine agonists

blocking progesterone synthesis by inhibiting steroidogenesis
- epostan

blocking progesteron activity on receptor leve
- aglepriston

84
Q

inflammatory mammary carcinoma

A

rare, locally aggressive, fast growing, highly malignant,highhlt metastatic form of mammary tumour that affects humans and dogs

7.6% of mmamary tumours in dogs are IMC

85
Q

IMC histologically

A

high grade carcinoma with dermal lymphatic invasion

anapaestic carcinoma

tubular, solid or mixed

high % of VEGF immunoreactive tumour cells meaning angiogenic and metastatic potential

86
Q

forms of IMC

A

primary =
animals without history of previouss mamary nodules

secondary
= with history of previous mammary tumour
post surfical or non-post surgical

87
Q

signs of IMC

A

edema, eryhtema, ucleration, warmth, firmness, pain

maybe lymphadema of limbs
uni or bilateral

can mimic severe mastitis and dermatitis

occurs in luteal phase of cycle due to progesteornr

88
Q

metastasis of IMC

A

bladder
ovaries and uterus
rrrely to lung, liver bone and kdinsye

89
Q

treatment of IMC

A

surgery not recommended

palliative care
adjuvant theray
chemo, cox-2inhibitors

v.poor prgonsosi - 60 days

90
Q

pregnancy termination in cats

A

less common
oestrogen’s
PGF2a (dinoprost and cloprostenol)
dopamine agonist (cabergoline)
antiprogestin

91
Q

surgical castration

A

gonadectomy
OVH
long term problems; obesity, rinary incontiencne, endocrine disorders, behaviour changes, neoplasia

92
Q

non-surgical castration

A

why= inconvenient estrus timing, pyometra management, contraception

least invasive - separate male and female

contraction havs to be: safe, cheap, efficient and easily applied

93
Q

hormones for contracepiot

A

progestogens
androgens
GnRH agonist
GnRH antagonist

94
Q

vaccines for contraception

A

zona pellucida
LH receptor
GnRH vaccines

95
Q

chemicals for contraception

A

zinc gluconadte
ca chloride
chlorhexiidne gddigluconate
hypertonic saline

96
Q

sex steroids

A

suppress GnRH through negative feedback

direct effect on uterus, sperm transport or other mechasnisms
can have side effects

97
Q

androgesn

A

steroids that control and stimulate male sex characterisitcs

negative feedback on :Lh, blocking ovulatory surgery

don’t give to pregnany-masculisation of female fetuses

side effects = discharge, vaginitis, clitoral hyperoptrhy, aggression

in males - itnerefers with spermatogensese due to LH suppression

98
Q

testosteron

A

weekly IM

Repro 2 (4 decks)

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