Alterations Of Pulmonary function Week 6

Question 1

The ability for a disease to spread from person to person is called?

Answer 1

Communicability

Question 2

The ability for a disease to produce an immune response is called…..?

Answer 2

Immunogenicity

Question 3

The ability for a disease causing organism to invade and multiply in a host is called….?

Answer 3

Infectivity

Question 4

When microorganisms damages host tissues it is called…?

Answer 4

Mechanism of action

Question 5

A microorganisms ability to produce disease is called…?

Answer 5

Pathogenicity

Question 6

The path or route microorganisms take to infect a host is called?

Answer 6

Portal of entry

Question 7

A microorganisms ability to produce toxins is called?

Answer 7

Toxigenicity

Question 8

What is virulence?

Answer 8

An organisms capacity or power to cause severe disease

Question 9

The estimated number of organisms or virus particles required to produce infection in 50% of a population is called?

Answer 9

ID50

Question 10

What is an endemic?

Answer 10

Diseases with relatively high but constant rates of infection in a population. Eg, malaria (Occurs within an area or community)

Question 11

What is an epidemic?

Answer 11

A disease occurring widely in a community at a particular time. Eg, Flu

Question 12

What is a pandemic?

Answer 12

A disease that spreads over a large area such as a continent or worldwide.

Question 13

SARS-CoV-2 stands for?

Answer 13

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2

Question 14

How did the name coronavirus come about?

Answer 14

It comes from the Virus’s distinctive spikes on the surface that makes it look like a solar corona

Question 15

What are the 7 stages of infection of a host cell?

Answer 15

1. Recognition and attachment of virus to host cell wall
2. Penetration into the host cell by fusion or endocytosis
3. Uncoating of viral genome within cell cytoplasm
4. Replication of viral genome using host or viral transcriptase and polymerase
5. Translation with viral structural protein synthesis in host cell endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
6. Assembly of virus
7. Release of virus by budding or exocytosis, or by lysis of host cell.

Question 16

Covid is transmitted via?

Answer 16

Aerosol means

Question 17

What are some of the common symptoms of Covid-19?

Answer 17

A. Fever
B. Cough
C. Shortness of breath
D. Myalgias
E. Fatigue
F. Loss of smell and taste

Question 18

What is the average incubation period for Covid-19?

Answer 18

Approximately 6 days

Question 19

What systems can Covid-19 affect and why?

Answer 19

A. Cardiac - heart failure, palpitations, SOB, chest pain
B. Neurologic - stroke, encephalitis, loss of smell and taste, confusion, memory loss, brain fog, anxiety and depression
C. Endocrine
D. Hepatic
E. Renal

Question 20

Long Covid and it’s impact

Answer 20

Refer to WhatsApp page.

Question 21

Laboratory Findings for a positive Covid-19 test include;

Answer 21

1. Decreased lymphocytes
2. Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and D-dimer
3. Bilateral lung infiltrates on CT

Question 22

How does mRNA vaccines help with combatting Covid-19?

Answer 22

mRNA vaccines use host cells’ own translation machinery to make harmless pieces of viral spike proteins that elicits immune response to the virus.

Question 23

What 2 monoclonal antibody medications given as a prophylactic measure for Covid 19?

Answer 23

A. Tixagevimab
B. Cilgavimab

Question 24

What are some adverse effects of tixagevimab and cilgavimab?

Answer 24

1. Injection site reaction
2. Anaphylaxis
3. Hypersensitivity

Question 25

Mechanism of action for Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab?

Answer 25

It attaches to the receptor-binding portion of the SARS-COV-2 spike protein and blocks the virus’ interaction with the human ACE 2 receptor required for viral fusion with the host cell.

Question 26

What medications are given to individuals with confirmed Covid diagnoses?

Answer 26

1. Nirmatrelvil 2. Ritonavir

Question 27

What are some adverse effects of nirmatrelvil and rotanavir? These 2 stop the virus from multiplying

Answer 27

1. Hypertension 2. Severe allergic reaction Rarely stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis and liver problems

Question 28

What is ARDS?

Answer 28

Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a form of acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolo capillary injury.

Question 29

ARDS and PARDS can cause what?

Answer 29

Pulmonary edema, hypoxemia, pulmonary compliance, progressive respiratory distress

Question 30

What are the 3 stages of ARDS?

Answer 30

1. Exudate 2. Proliferative 3. Fibrotic

Question 31

The exudate stage happens in 72 hours, what happens?

Answer 31

1. Alveolocapillary membrane damage, increased 2. Increased capillary permeability 3. Pulmonary edema 4. Surfactant production is reduced

Question 32

The proliferative stage takes 4 to 21 days what happens here?

Answer 32

1. Resolution of pulmonary edema 2. Proliferation of type II pneumocytes, fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts begins 3. Infra-alveolar exudate becomes cellular granulation tissue 4. Appears as hyaline membranes that form diffusion barrier for oxygen exchange

Question 33

The fibrotic stages is from 14 to 21 days

Answer 33

A. Fibrosis obliterates alveoli, respiratory bronchioles, interstitium B. Long term respiratory compromise

Question 34

Clinical Manifestations of ARDS

Answer 34

.Gas exchange inadequate • Dyspnea and hypoxemia (tachypnea, tachycardia) • Poor response to 02 supplementation • Initial hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis • Decreased tissue perfusion, metabolic acidosis, and organ dysfunction • Increased work of breathing, decreased tidal volume, and hypoventilation • Hypercapnia (PaCO2 is ≥50 mmHg), respiratory acidosis, and worsening hypoxemia • pH is <7.25 • Pa02 is <50 mmHg • Respiratory failure, decreased cardiac output, hypotension, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), death

Question 35

What are 3 major criteria for the diagnosis of ARDS?

Answer 35

1.onset within 1 week of known clinical insult or new worsening respiratory symptoms 2. Bilateral opacities not fully explained by effusion, lobar/lung collapse or nodules on the chest x-ray or CT 3. Respiratory failure not fully explained by cardiac failure or fluid to exclude hydrostatic edema if no ARDS risk factor is present

Question 36

What are some ways of managing ARDS

Answer 36

1. Mechanical ventilation with PEEP and high oxygen concentrations 2. Prophylactic immunotherapy 3. Antibodies against endotoxins 4. Antioxidants 5. Surfactant replacement 6. Nitric oxide inhalation 7. Inhibition of various inflammatory mediators 8. Gene therapy 9. Stem cells

Question 37

Viral croup results in….?

Answer 37

Subglottic inflammation and edema from infection

Question 38

Manifestations of viral croup

Answer 38

Rhinorrhea, sore throat, low grade fever, barking cough, hoarse voice, and inspiratoria stridor

Question 39

A young child with severe stridor usually displays?

Answer 39

Deep retractions, agitation, tachycardia and sometimes cyanosis or pallor

Question 40

Treatments for viral croup

Answer 40

Most cases • No treatment • Glucocorticoids, either injected or oral (dexamethasone) or nebulized (budesonide) • Severe cases • Nebulized epinephrine • Oxygen

Question 41

Westley croup score does what?

Answer 41

Estimates the severity of croup

Question 42

What is the most common cause of Bronchiolitis?

Answer 42

RSV

Question 43

Clinical manifestations of bronchiolotis

Answer 43

Significant rhinorrhea, tight, dry cough Systemic signs of decreased appetite, lethargy, fever Increased respiratory distress, wheezing, tachypnea, chest retractions Some infants present with apnea and other conjunctivitis and otitis media

Question 44

Prevention and treatment of bronchiolitis

Answer 44

RSV specific monoclonal antibody (palivizumab)

Question 45

What are some risk factors for pneumonia?

Answer 45

Age younger than 2 years Overcrowded living conditions Winter Season Recent antibiotic treatment Daycare attendance Passive smoke Exposure

Question 46

Why are bands(baby neutrophils) consistently higher in bacterial versus viral infections?

Answer 46

Because mature neutrophils are killed off from the immune system in a bacterial infection because they are exhausted leaving the new ones(bands)

Question 47

What are some meds for pneumonia?

Answer 47

Azithromycin - skin reactions and hepatotoxicity Amoxicillin Penicillin