Altered Cell and Tissue Biology Flashcards
Study Guide 3 (29 cards)
What are the forms of cellular alterations of adaptation?
atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia
What is atrophy in cell adaptation?
the cell shrinks in size
What is hypertrophy in cell adaptation?
the cell swells in size
What is hyperplasia in cell adaptation?
the number of cells in an area increases
What is metaplasia in cell adaptation?
the cell begins to proliferate and grow rapidly into different things; base membrane unaffected
What is dysplasia in cell adaptation?
the cells have differentiated into different things; extends into base membrane
What are the basic cell components?
endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, nuclear membrane, cytoskeleton, lysosome, mitochondria, cytoplasm, and ribosome
What are some basic cellular functions?
movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communication
What types of agents cause cellular injury?
trauma/injury, infection, toxins, hypoxia and reperfusion
How does trauma/injury cause cellular injury?
tissues are injured and can begin to die off or function weakens
How do toxins cause cellular injury?
they lead to tissue damage and interrupt cellular functions
How does hypoxia cause cellular injury?
hypoxia leads to oxidative stress and cell death
How does reperfusion cause cellular injury?
decreases mitochondrial function, build up of free radicals, activation of coagulation, and myocyte hypercontracture all stem from reperfusion injury and can cause cellular damage
What is the pathophysiology of hypoxic injury?
low O2 levels in the tissue leads to cell death and dysfunction
What is the pathophysiology of free radical injury?
free radicals create bonds with RNA, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates leading to damage in each that contribute to cell dysfunction and death
What is the pathophysiology of chemical injury?
chemical injury leads to an increase in reactive O2 species which the body can’t get rid of that will damage tissues
How does passive transport work?
passive transport is based off of concentration gradients and requires no energy
What are some examples of passive transport?
filtration, reabsorption, and osmosis
How does active transport work?
active transport utilizes ATP to push things across membranes they typically can’t cross or their concentration gradients aren’t in favor of
What is an example of active transport?
sodium-potassium pump
What clinical manifestations of injury can we see?
cellular accumulations, water accumulation, fever, malaise, tachycardia, pain, leukocytosis, and presence of cellular enzymes found in extracellular fluid
What is autocrine signaling?
a cell sends a signal to itself to carry out a function
What is paracrine signaling?
a cell sends out a signal to another cell
What is the primary energy source for cellular metabolism?
ATP!!
