Altered Cells and Tissues Flashcards
(18 cards)
Cause of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Unknown, could be due to aging.
Patho behind Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Reduced testosterone levels lead to higher proportions of estrogen. This promotes prostatic cell proliferation and growth. Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone and estradiol. Dihydrotestosterone is also involved with over proliferation of prostatic cells. All of this occurs primarily in the periurethral part of the prostate gland. It is not a prostate cancer precursor.
Symptoms of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
FUN: frequent urination, urgent urination, nocturia.
Cerebral Atrophy risk factors
Reduced stimulation of the brain, brain injury, vitamin B deficit, toxins, diseases, ischemia, thermal
Patho behind Cerebral Atrophy
Atrophy of the neurons causes a reduction in brain size. It is a progressive ailment.
S/S of Cerebral Atrophy
Really depends on the part of the brain being damaged.
Cerebral Atrophy DX, TX, Goals, Outcomes
DX: Neuro exam, CT scan, MRI scan etc.
TX: Prevention, medications to slow progression.
Goals: Control the atrophy, manage the ischemia, prevent further deterioration.
Outcomes: Neuron atrophy, ongoing impairment, altered cognitive processes (memory loss).
Risk Factors for Cardiac Hypertrophy
Excessive cardiac workload, increased functional demand, genetics.
Patho behind Cardiac Hypertrophy
Increased cardiac muscle mass (cardiac cells hypertrophy).
S/S Cardiac Hypertrophy
SOB, angina, SYNCOPE, impaired cardiac function
Cardiac Hypertrophy DX, TX, Goals, Outcomes
DX: EKG
TX: Prevention (activity limitations), medications, surgery.
Goal: Maintain perfusion, fix cause to prevent further damage.
Outcomes: Sudden cardiac death, permanent damage, surgery complications, limited activity.
Patho behind Acromegaly
Cellular hyperplasia (more cell number).
Risk Factors
Development of benign pituitary tumor adenoma, excessive hormonal stimulation, excessive growth (bones, cartilage etc). IT OCCURS AFTER THE EPIPHYSEAL PLATE CLOSURE.
S/S Acromegaly
Soft tissue swelling of the hands and feet, altered facial features, pain and numbness in hands, voice deepening, snoring, skin changes, altered reproductive function and organ enlargement.
Acromegaly DX, TX, Goals, Outcomes
DX: labs, MRI
TX: Medications, surgery, radiation
Goals: Maintain perfusion, fix cause to prevent further damage
Outcomes: bad self-image, deceased reproduction, upper airway obstruction, type 2 diabetes, colon cancer, CV disease, cardiac hypertrophy, brain compression from adenoma
Cervical Metaplasia and Dysplasia Risk Factors
STI (HPV), cellular irritation caused by things like smoking, trauma (early onset sexual activity and having multiple partners).
Cervical Metaplasia and Dysplasia Patho
Changes in the squamous and columnar epithelial cells in the transformation zone.
Cervical Metaplasia and Dysplasia DX, TX, Goals, Outcomes
DX: Pap smear, colposcopy, biopsy
TX: Surgery, hysterectomy
Goal: Remove the abnormal cells, prevent cancer
Outcomes: Metaplasia to dysplasia, cancer
