Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

Question 1

Stiffening of skeletal muscles after death

Answer 1

Rigor mortis

Question 2

Unintentional decrease of core body temperature below 35C or 95F

Answer 2

Accidental hypothermia

Question 3

A type of cellular housekeeping in which a cell digests some of its own components

Answer 3

Autophagy

Question 4

Area of cell death in which dead cells disintegrate, but the debris is not digested completely by enzymes

Answer 4

Caseous necrosis

Question 5

Area of cell death in which denatured proteins appear firm and opaque

Answer 5

Coagulative necrosis

Question 6

An atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron

Answer 6

Free radical

Question 7

Purple discoloration of dependent tissues after death

Answer 7

livor mortis

Question 8

Cell death that involves orderly dismantling of cell components and packaging the remainders in vesicles

Answer 8

Apoptosis

Question 9

Lining of uterus thickens after ovulation because of increased amounts of estrogen

Answer 9

Hyperplasia

Question 10

Man who lifts weights regularly develops larger biceps

Answer 10

Hypertrophy

Question 11

Thymus gland decreases in size during childhood

Answer 11

Atrophy

Question 12

Columnar epithelium in bronchi of cigarette smoker is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 12

Metaplasia

Question 13

Captain of roller derby team has greater thigh diameter on left than right from skating clockwise

Answer 13

Hypertrophy

Question 14

Left calf is smaller than right calf when cast is removed from it

Answer 14

Atrophy

Question 15

Liver regenerates after surgical removal of damaged portion

Answer 15

Hyperplasia

Question 16

Cell death by _______ causes inflammation, but cell death by __________ does not.

Answer 16

Necrosis, Apoptosis

Question 17

Another name for Dysplasia

Answer 17

Atypical hyperplasia

Question 18

Release of _________ ions from intracellular stores into the cytoplasm during ischemia damages the cell

Answer 18

Calcium

Question 19

Compared with normal aerobic metabolism, cells that use anaerobic metabolism produce ______ ATP and _____ lactic acid

Answer 19

Less, more

Question 20

Most important way to prevent medication-related poisoning deaths in children is

Answer 20

Safe storage of medications.

Question 21

Reactive oxygen species, such as ______, damage cells by attacking their _____

Answer 21

Superoxide radicals, membranes

Question 22

Postmortem changes _______ the inflammatory response

Answer 22

Do not involve

Question 23

Liquefactive necrosis occurs most commonly in the _________ because the cells there are rich in ________

Answer 23

Brain, hydrolases

Question 24

Why does Gangrene occur

Answer 24

Cells die of hypoxia and bacterial invasion

Question 25

Difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Answer 25

Hypertrophy increases tissue mass by keeping the same number of cells and making each individual cell larger, but hyperplasia increases tissue mass by increasing the number of cells.

Question 26

Difference between suffocation and strangulation

Answer 26

Suffocation occurs when oxygen fails to reach the blood, strangulation occurs when neck pressure collapses blood vessels, stopping blood flow to the brain

Question 27

Difference between an abrasion and a laceration

Answer 27

Abrasion is a scrape in which superficial skin layers have been removed, a laceration is a jagged or irregular tearing of tissues

Question 28

Difference between dystrophic calcification and metastatic calcification

Answer 28

Dystrophic calcification occurs in dying and dead tissues but metastatic calcification occurs in normal tissues when plasma calcium concentration is too high

Question 29

Difference between a penetrating gunshot wound and a perforating gunshot wound

Answer 29

Penetrating gunshot wounds- bullet remains in the body | Perforating gunshot wound - bullet has exited the body

Question 30

Acute enzymes that dismantle the cellular components during apoptosis

Answer 30

Caspases

Question 31

Acute cellular swelling during ischemia is reversible if _____ is supplied quickly

Answer 31

Oxygen

Question 32

Acute tuberculosis disease is characterized by _________, whereas death of brain cells is characterized by ___________

Answer 32

Caseous, Liquiefactive

Question 33

During apoptosis, cell contents are contained in ________, which are removed by ____________

Answer 33

apoptotic bodies, phagocytosis

Question 34

Liver enzymes metabolize most blood ethanol to ________ which damages tissues

Answer 34

Acetaldehyde

Question 35

Excessive reactive oxygen species overwhelm the endogenous antioxidant systems causing

Answer 35

Oxidative stress

Question 36

Somatic Death

Answer 36

Death of the entire person

Question 37

Melanocyte

Answer 37

Epithelial cells which synthesize melanin

Question 38

Melanin accumulates in epithelial cells called

Answer 38

Keratinocytes

Question 39

Why would creatine kinase be found in the blood of a trauma patient

Answer 39

When cells undergo necrosis, the enzymes within the cell are released into the patient's bloodstream. Creatine kinase is normally in skeletal muscle.

Question 40

Characteristics of apoptosis

Answer 40

Cell shrinks when its cytoskeleton is dismantled | Sections of the cell bud off into vesicles

Question 41

Why can high blood pressure cause an enlarged heart

Answer 41

The heart muscle has to work harder to pump against the high blood pressure which causes the muscle to enlarge

Question 42

Hypoxia

Answer 42

Partial deprivation of oxygen

Question 43

Ischemia

Answer 43

Lack of oxygen to tissues caused by insufficient blood supply

Question 44

Dysplasia

Answer 44

Abnormal change in size, shape, and organization of mature tissue cells

Question 45

Pyknosis

Answer 45

Shrunken nucleus appearing as a small, dense mass

Question 46

Lipofuscin

Answer 46

Yellow-brown age pigament

Question 47

Karolysis

Answer 47

Nuclear dissolution and lysis of chromatin

Question 48

Sardopenia

Answer 48

Loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength

Question 49

Algor

Answer 49

Goes with mortis to denote postmortem reduction of body temperature