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Pathophysiology > Altered Immunity > Flashcards

Altered Immunity Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Immune Defense

A

Third line of defense
Recognition and neutralization of foreign substances
Specific immune response
Immunologic memory

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2
Q

Antigen

A

The enemy
Invades body

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3
Q

How does body identify pathogens?

A

Surface proteins

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4
Q

inflammation

A

nonspecific response

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5
Q

immunity

A

Specificity & memory

Body acts faster against pathogen second and third time

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6
Q

memory

A

remember the antigen & act faster the next time the antigen is introduced​

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7
Q

Specificity

A

recognizes one specific antigen​

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8
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Leukocyte

appears when inflammatory reactions are old

Demolish tissue debris and microbes

Help the repair process to begin

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9
Q

What are T cells and B cells?

A

Lymphocytes

Differentiate between two different processes.

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10
Q

what is another name for immunoglobulins?

A

antibodies

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11
Q

T-cells

A

lymphocytes that pass through the thymus gland

Attack antigen directly

cell mediated immunity

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12
Q

immune system does not function without

A

T and B cells

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13
Q

Master switch of immune system

A

Helper T cells

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14
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

pathogen has gotten into cells, results in recognition and destruction of cells carrying non self antigens

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15
Q

B-cells

A

lymphocytes pass through bone marrow (more humoral)

produces antibodies that enter blood & react with antigen

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16
Q

Skids

A

babies born without Bs ot Ts, constantly getting infections ​

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17
Q

Lymphocyte Progenitor Cells

A

T lymphocytes

B Lymphocytes

Natural Killer Cells

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18
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Cytotoxic- CD8

Helpers- CD4

Suppressor

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19
Q

Igg

A

allergies

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20
Q

Ige

A

parasites

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21
Q

Lymphatics

A

Important in establishing the immune response​

Central organs, bone marrow, and thymus​

Peripheral organs: spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphoid tissue​

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22
Q

Why do lymph nodes get big?

A

they bring everything up to help fight infection

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23
Q

Why is removing spleen bad?

A

puts people at high risk for infection for rest of life

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24
Q

lymphatic system encourages

A

filtration process

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25
Innate Immunity
Nonspecific​ Involves inflammatory processes physical barriers, chemical barriers, cellular defenses
26
functions of innate immunity
prevention of: microbe colonization entry spread
27
Adaptive Immune process
Targets a specific antigen​ Involves T and B lymphocytes​
28
Physical barriers of innate immunity
skin, cornea, mucous membrane of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract
29
Innate Immunity – first responders​
present at birth of species​ first to respond when an invader enters the body​ The primary cells included are macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. Which are rapid responders to macroorganisms that pose a threat to the immune system
30
Adaptive immunity characteristics
Specificity Diversity Memory Self and non-self recognition​
31
active immunity
part of adaptive immunity Development of antibodies to an antigen Achieved by having a specific disease or vaccine​
32
passive immunity
Immunity transfer from host to recipient​ Achieved via mother–infant transfer (placenta or breast milk) or injection of antibody​
33
Humoral immunity (adaptive immunity)
B-lymphocytes Primary/secondary adaptive immune response​
34
B-lymphocytes
Antibodies secreted from plasma cells IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM-main​ Memory cells – take 4-5 days to develop​
35
Primary adaptive immune response​
Activation with first recognition of a specific antigen​
36
Secondary adaptive immune response​
Reactivation with later recognition of the same antigen​
37
3 ways antibodies protect cells from pathogens​
bind activate promote
38
bind
Bind pathogen to the antibody​
39
activate
Activate complement system​
40
promote
Promote phagocytosis​
41
cell mediated immunity
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes: CD8​ Helper T lymphocytes (TH1, TH2): CD4​ Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)​
42
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)​
MHC class 1 molecules (CD8)​ MHC class 2 molecules (CD4)​ Also known as human leukocyte antigen (HLA)​
43
Process of Altering Immune Function​
Host defense failure​ Hypersensitivity​ Autoimmunity​ Alloimmunity
44
Host defense failure​
Antigenic variation Viral latency Immunodeficiency
45
Hypersensitivity​
Type 1 (immediate) hypersensitivity reaction – IgE​ anaphylactic reaction Type II antibody-mediated hypersensitivity reaction – drug reaction; transfusion reaction​ Type III immune complex–mediated reaction – Autoimmune disease​ Type IV cytotoxic T lymphocyte–mediated
46
Autoimmunity
Failure to distinguish self from nonself​ Causes damage to specific organs or to the entire system​ For some reason recognition gets altered and the thyroid is not ok, body attacks it and damages body
47
alloimmunity
Graft rejection​ Graft versus host disease​ Sometimes when you put organ in it rejects the person​ If someone get an organ you have to be on meds forever​
48
Treatment of maladaptive immune responses​
Anti-inflammatory drugs​-Corticosteroids​ Cytotoxic drugs​-Methotrexate​ Biologic injection/infusion​
49
Immune response in disease management​
Using the body's immune system to attack pathologic cells ​- cancer treatment
50
Immune response in the prevention of disease​
Vaccines
51
Anaphylactic Reaction - Pathophysiology​
Exaggerated systemic immune response due to a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction​ Triggers​- Insect stings, Food allergies, Drug allergies​
52
what happens during anaphylaxes?
Swelling airway (bronchoconstriction- close)- give drugs that broncho dilate (open up)​ Vasodilation and blood pressure drop​
53
Anaphylactic Reaction Pathophysiology ​
Antigen exposure stimulates an IgE-mediated response in a previously sensitized individual.​ Degranulation of mast cells and basophils causes local and systemic responses. (inflammatory)​- Dilation of vascular smooth muscle​ Constriction of bronchial smooth muscle​ Increase in vascular permeability​
54
Anaphylactic Reaction Clinical Manifestations​
Phase 1 & 2
55
Phase 1 (anaphylactic reaction)
Difficulty breathing​ Skin flushing and itching​ Angioedema​
56
Phase 2 (anaphylactic reaction)
Difficulty breathing​ Severe hypotension​ Severe edema
57
Anaphylactic Reaction Diagnostic Criteria​
History and physical examination​ Allergy testing
58
Anaphylactic Reaction Treatment​
Symptomatic Preventative
59
Symptomatic (anaphylactic reaction treatment)
Drugs to relax bronchial smooth muscle​ Drugs to constrict vascular smooth muscle​ Limit inflammation​ epinepherine
60
Preventative (anaphylactic reaction treatment)
Desensitization to allergen​
61
Rh factor means are patient + or -, usually with O blood ppl​ Moms (–) dad (-) baby +​ Antibodies develop mom is ok​ First baby is good
Second baby antibodies will attack mom because its positive and mom is negative​ ​ Mom needs to be desensitized by Rhogam or else​
62
Rh Isoimmunization:​ Pathophysiology​
Type II cytotoxic antibody-mediated reaction​ Direct antigen-antibody hypersensitivity reaction involving the Rho(D) antigen on red blood cells​ Antibodies against the Rh antigen (anti-D) attack red blood cells causing hemolysis​ Often occurs in Rh-negative mothers exposed to fetal Rh-positive antigen​
63
fetal affects (Rh Isoimmunization)
Anemia​ Hydrops (edema)​ Death
64
infants (Rh Isoimmunization)
Kernicterus (bilirubin deposits in brain)​ Lethargy​ Hearing loss​ Cerebral palsy​ Learning problems​
65
Rh Isoimmunization:​ Diagnostic Criteria​
History and physical examination​ Screening tests​-Identification of D antigen and anti-D antibodies​ Diagnostic tests​ -Amniocentesis to measure bilirubin​ -Fetal blood sampling to determine anemia​
66
AIDS:​ Pathophysiology​
Altered host defense resulting from secondary immunodeficiency​ Infection of CD4 helper T lymphocytes with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)​ Results in loss of cell-mediated and humoral immunity due to loss of CD4 TH1 lymphocytes​
67
AIDS:​ Clinical Manifestations​
Immunosuppression opportunistic infections which can cause fungal infections and pnemonia Kaposi sarcoma- cancer
68
AIDS:​ Diagnostic Criteria​
History and physical examination​- Risk factors​, Signs and symptoms of infection​ Laboratory analysis- Detection of antibodies to HIV​, HIV viral load​, CD4 T helper lymphocyte cell counts​
69
AIDS:​ Treatment​
Antiretroviral therapy (ART)​ Drugs used in combination​
70
Antiretroviral therapy (ART)​
Suppress viral load​ Restore or preserve immune function​ Reduce morbidity and mortality​
71
Drugs used in combination​
Reduce the development of drug resistance​

Pathophysiology (2 decks)

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