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Applied Psychology: Issues in Mental Health > alternative explanations for mental disorders > Flashcards

alternative explanations for mental disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three alternative explanations to the medical model?

A
  1. behaviourist
  2. cognitive
    3 psychodynamic
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2
Q

What are the two components to the behaviourist explanation?

A

operant and classical conditioning

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3
Q

How many stages to classical conditioning are there (and what are they called)?

A

three
1. before conditioning
2. during conditioning
3. after conditioning

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4
Q

What is the formula for before conditioning?

A

unconditioned stimulus → unconditioned response

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5
Q

What is the formula for during conditioning?

A

unconditioned stimulus + neutral stimulus → unconditioned response

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6
Q

What is the formula for after conditioning?

A

conditioned stimulus → conditioned response

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7
Q

How can classical conditioning stages be applied to a real life scenario?

A

before conditioning:
UCS = loud noise → UCR = crying / fear
during conditioning:
UCS = loud noise + NS = rat → UCR = crying / fear
after conditioning:
CS = rat → CR = crying / fear

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8
Q

When discussing phobias is the neutral stimulus always?

A

the phobic object

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9
Q

What part of the stimulus response chain is the cause for a fearful response?

A

unconditioned stimulus

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10
Q

What does the neutral stimulus always become?

A

the conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

How does classical conditioning link to phobias?

A

phobias are acquired through classical conditioning

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12
Q

How does operant conditioning link to phobias?

A

phobias are maintained through operant conditioning

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13
Q

How does positive reinforcement apply to phobias?

A

rewards - caring attention = feels nice = reinforced phobia

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14
Q

How does negative reinforcement apply to phobias?

A

removal - avoidance of phobic object - removal of unpleasant stimuli (phobic object)

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15
Q

What is the cognitive explanation for mental disorders?

A

suggests that mental disorders are caused by our thoughts = cognitive triad

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16
Q

What are the elements of the cognitive triad?

A
  • irrational and pessimistic thoughts
  • 3 levels:
    1. negative view about yourself
    2. negative view about the world (how others view you)
    3. negative view about the future
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17
Q

How many cognitive biases are within the cognitive explanation (+ what are they called)?

A

nine biases:
- magnification
- minimisation
- overgeneralisation
- personalisation
- arbitrary inference
- selective abstraction
- negative self schemas
- errors in logic
- attentional bias

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18
Q

What is magnification?

A

enlarging positive attributes about others

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19
Q

What is minimisation?

A

shrinking down own positive attributes

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20
Q

What is overgeneralisation?

A

viewing a single event as an invariable rule

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21
Q

What is personalisation?

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A

blaming an entire event on themselves, believing their responsible for things beyond control

22
Q

What is arbitrary inference?

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A

the process of forming an interpretation of a situation, event, or experience when there is no factual evidence to support conclusions

23
Q

What is selective abstraction?

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A

the process of focusing on a detail taken out of context, ignoring other more important factors

24
Q

What is negative self schemas?

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A

unhealthy, degrading, and harmful versions of self beliefs

25
What is errors in logic (faulty information processing)?
illogical thinking
26
What is attentional bias?
tendency to pay attention to some things whilst ignoring others
27
What is an example of a cognitive triad - for depression?
negative view about self: I'm not smart like everyone else negative view of world: everyone thinks I'm stupid negative view of future: I'll never get a job or into uni
28
What the questionnaire that measures depression?
Beck Depression Inventory
29
What are the strengths of the Beck Depression Inventory?
- quantitative data = objective = easy to analyse and compare - reliable = replicable = more valid
30
What are the weaknesses of the Beck Depression Inventory?
- fixed choice - closed questions = restrictive - social desirability = decrease validity - thresholds hard to determine - subjective interpretation
31
What is the psychodynamic explanation?
- mental disorders are caused by the unconscious mind as memories and feelings are repressed - ID, Ego & Superego
32
What psychologist is the psychodynamic perspective based on?
Freud
33
What is the ID?
- pleasure principle - demands gratification for immoral desires - born with
34
What is the Ego?
- balances ID & superego - develops second - reality principle - deploys defence mechanisms
35
What is the Superego?
- morality - reason for guilt - develops last (age 4-5) when Oedipus / Electra complex is solved - develops depending on type of parenting
36
What are the 4 types of defence mechanisms?
- denial - repression - displacement - regression
37
What is denial as a defence mechanism?
- putting off getting help - don't want to deal with the uncomfortable - safety of object (phobias) - hallucinations and delusions (schizophrenia)
38
What is repression as a defence mechanism?
pushing feeling / emotion into unconscious mind to try and forget / not think about
39
What is displacement as a defence mechanism?
- placing fear onto something else - symbolic link - example: Little Hans fear of being bitten = fear of being castrated by his father - taking emotions out on someone else e.g, shouting at someone else
40
What is regression as a defence mechanism?
starting to behave as you did as a child e.g., throwing a tantrum, sucking on thumb, rocking back and forth - symptoms of depression that link = avolition and insomnia
41
How do the ID, Ego & Superego link to phobias?
ID = unconscious fear buried in unconscious mind + ID ego conflict Ego = conflicts with ID Superego = conflict
42
How do the ID, Ego & superego link to depression?
ID = demands gratification, becomes very aggressive and hostile to others Ego = prevention of harming self (most of the time) Superego = overactive, lots of guilt, turn to harming self rather than harming others
43
How do the ID, Ego and Superego link to schizophrenia?
ID = in control, return to child like state - distorted view of reality (regression) and it becomes hard to distinguish reality Ego = loss of contact Superego = loss of contact
44
evaluate the explanations in regards to nature vs nurture
psychodynamic: - both: nature = born with ID / unconscious mind & nurture = superego and ego develop due to childhood experience cognitive: - both: nature = thoughts and beliefs & nurture = impact of parents beliefs and social beliefs behaviourist: - nurture: blank slate (tabula rosa) learn through conditioning (classical and operant)
45
evaluate the explanations in regards to individual vs situational
psychodynamic: - both: individual = unconscious mind & situational = trauma / childhood experiences cognitive: - both: individual = cognitive triads & situational = culture / upbringing behaviourist: - situational = the environment
46
evaluate the explanations in regards to social sensitivity and ethics
psychodynamic: - socially senstiive - blames parents - childhood experiences causing mental disorders cognitive: - thought processes are very difficult to change - blames the individual - BUT can be changed with CBT behaviourist: - blames environment - not socially sensitive - treatment
47
evaluate the explanations in regards to usefulness
psychodynamic: - therapy / psychoanalysis = consciously process childhood = very effective BUT expensive and does not work for everyone cognitive: - very useful - CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy) BUT does not work for certain groups of people e.g., children or people with schizophrenia behaviourist: - systematic desensitisation
48
evaluate the explanations in regards to free will vs determinism
psychodynamic: - deterministic - unconscious mind and childhood experiences cannot be changed - lack of control cognitive: - don't choose the way you think BUT can be changed behaviourist: - can learn and unlearn but little choice when learning
49
evaluate the explanations in regards to reductionism vs holism
psychodynamic: - oversimplifies complex interacting factors but most holistic of all as considers childhood experience (nurture) and unconscious mind (nature) cognitive: - oversimplifies to thoughts ignoring genetics and childhood behaviourist; - oversimplifies to stimulus and response
50
evaluate the explanations in regards to psychology as a science
psychodynamic: - cannot falsify or operationalise (or access) the unconscious mind also qualitative data = unscientific due to subjectivity cognitive: - can operationalise thoughts BUT social desirability bias (censor themselves) and cannot see what people think behaviourist: - observable behaviour = very scientific & can predict behaviour = causality
51
evaluate the explanations in regards to ethnocentrism and cultural relativism
psychodynamic: - nuclear families = westernised cultures only cognitive: - different cultures think very differently e.g., individualist cultures may weight negative thoughts about themself a lot heavier than a collectivist culture ways it behaviourist: - not ethnocentric
52
evaluate the explanations in regards to validity and reliability
reliability - all but psychodynamic are reliable validity = psychodynamic not valid BUT does work for some people and cognitive and behaviourist are valid. but reductionist

Applied Psychology: Issues in Mental Health (10 decks)

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