Alternatives to Experimentation: Correlational and Quasi-experimental Designs

Question 1

_ are used to predict one set of behavior from other.s

Answer 1

Correlational Designs

Question 2

_ are used to establish relationships among preexisting behaviors.

Answer 2

Correlational Designs

Question 3

_ show relationships between sets of antecedent conditions and behavioral effects.

Answer 3

Correlational Designs

Question 4

_ are preexisting - not manipulated or controlled.

Answer 4

Antecedent

Question 5

_ often seem like real experiments but lack essential elements such as manipulation of antecedent or random assignment.

Answer 5

Quasi-experimental design

Question 6

The prefix quasi is _ meaning, _.

Answer 6

Latin; seeming like

Question 7

In _, instead of assigning subjects to different treatment conditions at random, subject are selected for the different conditions of the study on the basis of preexisting conditions.

Answer 7

Quasi-experimental design

Question 8

_ and _ tend to be higher in external validity or generalizability.

Answer 8

Correlational designs; quasi-experimental designs

Question 9

Correlational designs include: _, _, and _.

Answer 9

Correlation; Linear Regression Analysis; Multiple Correlation and Multiple Regression Analysis;

Question 10

_ is designed to determine the correlation.

Answer 10

Correlational Study

Question 11

_ studies the degree of relationship between two traits, behaviors or events.

Answer 11

Correlational Study

Question 12

_ is any observable behavior, characteristic, or event that can vary or have different values.

Answer 12

Variable

Question 13

Selected traits or behaviors of interest are messured first.

Answer 13

Got it.

Question 14

Degree of relationship or correlation between the numbers determined through _.

Answer 14

Statistical Procedures

Question 15

Once the corelation is known, it can be used to make _.

Answer 15

Predictions

Question 16

In correlations, _ measures relationship between pairs of scores from each subject.

Answer 16

Simple Correlations

Question 17

In correlations, _ is the most commonly used procedure for calculatingsimple corelations.

Answer 17

Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r)

Question 18

Correlation has 3 general outcomes: _, _, and _.

Answer 18

Positive relationship, negative relationship and no relationship.

Question 19

_ happens when one variable increases, so does the other variable.

Answer 19

Positive correlation

Question 20

_ happens when one variable increases, the other varibale decreases.

Answer 20

Negative correlation

Question 21

_ happens when there is no relationship between the two variables.

Answer 21

No correlation

Question 22

Values of a correlation coefficient range between _ and _.

Answer 22

-1.00, +1.00

Question 23

_ are visual representations of the scores.

Answer 23

Scatterplots

Question 24

Lines drawn on the scatterplots are called _ or _.

Answer 24

Regression Lines, Lines of best fit

Question 25

_ illustrate the mathematical equation that best describes the linear relationship between the two mesaured scores.

Answer 25

Correlation

Question 26

r=+1.00 us a _.

Answer 26

perfect positive correlation

Question 27

_ is when we can predict complete accuracy.

Answer 27

Perfect positive correlation

Question 28

_ graphs happen when an inverted u is plotted on a scatter plot.

Answer 28

Curvilenear

Question 29

_ are affected by _or artificial restrictions.

Answer 29

range truncation

Question 30

The stronger the correlation, the better the _.

Answer 30

Prediction

Question 31

_ is the next step up after correlation.

Answer 31

Linear regression

Question 32

_ is used when we want to predict the value of a variable based on the vale of another variable.

Answer 32

Linear Regression Analysis

Question 33

The _ is the variable we want to predict.

Answer 33

Dependent Variable

Question 34

The _ is the variable e are using to predict the other variable's value.

Answer 34

Independent Variable

Question 35

_ is used to test the relationship of several predictor variables with a criterion variable.

Answer 35

Multiple Correlation (R)

Question 36

_ is used to look for relationship between variables

Answer 36

Correlational Studies

Question 37

_ is used to compare different groups of subjects looking for differences or changes over time in the same group of subjects.

Answer 37

Quasi-experiments

Question 38

Researchers form quasi-experiment groups based on _, _ or _ whose influence we want to investigate.

Answer 38

event, characteristic, behavior

Question 38

Quasi-experimental Designs include: _, _, _, _ and _.

Answer 38

Ex Post Facto Studies, Nonequivalent Groups Design, Longitudinal Design, Cross-Sectional Studies, Pre-test/Posttest Design

Question 39

Quasi-experiments are low in _ because researchers can never know for certain what causes the effects they observe.

Answer 39

Internal Validity

Question 40

In quasi-experiments, _ is not posible.

Answer 40

Random Assignment

Question 41

The difference between experiment and quasi-experiments is the _ the researcher has over the subjects who receive treatments.

Answer 41

amount of control

Question 42

In quasi-experimental designs, _ is a study in which the researcher systematically examines the effects of subject characteristics but without actually manipulating them.

Answer 42

Ex Post Facto Studies

Question 43

In _, researchers form treatment groups by selecting subjects on the basis of differences that already exist.

Answer 43

Ex Post Facto Studies

Question 44

In _, researchers capitalize on changes in the antecedent conditions that occurred before the study.

Answer 44

Ex Post Facto Studies

Question 45

Ex post facto means _.

Answer 45

after the fact

Question 46

In ex post facto, the antecedent has _ by the experimenter.

Answer 46

not been manipulated

Question 47

In _, researcher compares the effects of different treatment conditions on preexisting groups of participants.

Answer 47

Non-equivalent group design

Question 48

In _, the researcher chooses existing groups that appear similar, but where only one of the groups experiences the treatment.

Answer 48

Non-equivalent group design

Question 49

The internal validity of nonequivalent group design is _.

Answer 49

Low

Question 50

There are methods to increase internal validity in non-equivalent group design:

Answer 50

1. Consider whether other influences might affect results. 2. Measure levels of variable before the study to rule our prior measurements levels 3. Equivalent on other plausible alternative causes for the results-improved the study's internal validity

Question 51

_ measure behaviors of the same subjects at different points in time and look how things have changed.

Answer 51

Longitudinal Design

Question 52

_ defines the influence of time on behaviors rather than how different behaviors are related (named as _).

Answer 52

Longitudinal Design, Cross-lagged panel design

Question 53

_ in research is concerned with development and growth.

Answer 53

Longitudinal Design

Question 54

_ takes time over periods of months, years, or even decades.

Answer 54

Longitudinal Design

Question 55

_ is difficult to conduct because the same sample must be tracked for a long time.

Answer 55

Longitudinal Design

Question 56

In _, subjects who are already at different stages are compared at a single point in time.

Answer 56

Cross-sectional Studies

Question 57

_ is being shown in this example. Example: Groups of families who were already at each of the 5 different stages Compare the amount of “regressive” behavior among firstborns in the 5 different groups to see whether it differed

Answer 57

Cross-sectional Studies

Question 58

_ is a tradeoff which require more subjects and where people in different groups might differ in other characteristics that could influence the behaviors you want to investigate.

Answer 58

Cross-sectional Studies

Question 59

_ assesses whether the occurrence of an event increases or decreases the existing level of a person's behavior.

Answer 59

Pretest-Posttest Design

Question 60

_ assesses the effects of naturally occurring events.

Answer 60

Pretest-Posttest Design

Question 61

In _, a test is being administered to administered before and after the event and compare the levels.

Answer 61

Pretest-Posttest Design

Question 62

_ is used in the laboratory to measure the effect of a treatment presented to subjects by researchers.

Answer 62

Pretest-Posttest Design

Question 63

Pretest-Posttest Design is _ in internal validity because _.

Answer 63

low, There are many other influences that might improve or decrease the unit of the variable being measured.

Question 64

In Pretest-Posttest Design, _, also called), states that examiners do better the second time they take an intelligence test.

Answer 64

Practice effects, pretest sensitization

Question 65

Practice effects occur because examiners _, _, and _.

Answer 65

are less anxious; learned new information that improves heir scores; know possible the answers on the pretest

Question 66

To achieve maximum control over outside influences in Pretest-Posstest Design, you would need _.

Answer 66

a number of comparison groups

Question 67

The comparison groups in Pretest-Posttest Design is manifested in _, where _, _, _, and _, are present.

Answer 67

Solomon Four Group Design,; 1. A treatment group with both pre-intervention and post-intervention measurements (a.k.a. pretest and posttest) 2. A control group with both pretest and posttest measurements 3. A treatment group with only a posttest measurement 4. A control group with only a posttest measurement

Question 68

_ is a type of clinical trial in which neither the participants nor the researcher knows which treatment or intervention participants are receiving until the clinical trial is over.

Answer 68

Double Blind Experiment

Question 69

Summary of quasi-experimental design: _ investigates differences in preexisting groups of subjects group differences on some variable may be explored or difference treatments given to preexisting groups ay be compared. _ explores characteristics, behaviors, or effects of naturally occurring events in preexisting groups of subjects. _ compares the effects of different treatment conditions on preexisting groups of subjects. _ investigates changes across time by measuring behavior of same group of subjects at different points in time. _ investigates changes across time by comparing groups of subjects already at different stages at a single point in time. _ explores the effects of an event (or treatment) by comparing behavior before and after the event (or treatment).

Answer 69

Quasi-Experiment; Ex Post Facto; Non-equivalent groups design Longitudinal; Cross-sectional design; Pretest-posttest design