Alternatives To Medical Model + Treatment

Question 1

What was the aim of Szaszs (2)

Answer 1

To challenge the medical concept mental illness

Reject psychiatric treatments justified but this approach to mental illness

Question 2

S - key points from mental illness is a metaphor (2)

Answer 2

Mental illnesses are undiagnosed bodily illnesses

New unusual behaviours are discovered and referred to as new mental illnesses rather than a physical illness with behavioural symptoms - ever increasing list of disorders

Question 3

S - 50 years of change in us mental healthcare key points (1)

Answer 3

Mental healthcare is now the responsibility of the government and is through medical and political

Question 4

S - mental illness a medical or legal concept (3)

Answer 4

Mental illnesses are defined by political and economical criteria - since what is classed as mental illness was has changed so much (homosexuality)

Mental illness is not a real phenomenon because if it was it wouldn’t change so readily

Mental hospitals are like prisons to control people’s behaviour - they are placed there incorrectly and treated like prisoners rather than receiving treatment for their illness

Question 5

S - mental illness is in the eye of the beholder (2)

Answer 5

Mental illness aren’t medical illnesses because medical treatment of a physical illness requires consent whereas when mental illness treatment deprives parents of their liberty - violation of human rights

Diagnosis of mental illness is based on a doctor making a judgement - it can the measured the way physical illnessses can like temp

Question 6

S - having an illness doesn’t make someone a patient (3)

Answer 6

Mental illness is a myth and a metaphor

Psychiatry is a pseudoscience

Old religious humanistic perspective has been replaced by the modern pseudomedical one

Question 7

What can be used in defence of sz (2)

Answer 7

People with labels subjected to interventions like being sectioned or forced to take drugs

Rosenhabd - diagnosis lacks validity anyways

Behaviours out of norm being labelled as abnormal

Question 8

What can be used against sz

Answer 8

He is wrong - help those who are suffering

Drugs actually work

Gottesman - genetics - it’s actually a thing inherited

Question 9

Individual / situation szasz

Answer 9

Individuals should be treated according to their mental illness with drugs etc

Situational - sz society’s reaction to those with mental illness causes incorrect diagnosis and treatment

Question 10

Holistic or reductionist (sz)

Answer 10

Holistic - medical model is reductionist

Mental illness can’t be viewed in that specific way

Question 11

Free will / determinism sz

Answer 11

Free wlll - they should be active players in their treatment etc

Deterministic - medical model

Question 12

Which mental illness is used with the behaviourist explanation

Answer 12

Phobias

Question 13

3 key concepts of behaviourist explanation

Answer 13

All behaviour is learnt therefore what can be learnt can be unlearnt

We are products of our environment

Blank slate at birth

Question 14

What are the 2 main concepts of the behaviourist explanation

Answer 14

Operant conditioning and classical conditioning

Question 15

What is classical conditioning and what study is associated with it

Answer 15

Watson and Rayner

Making an association between 2 unrelated things

Question 16

What was the Watson and rayner study

Answer 16

Little Al - unconditiones stimulus was life and ucr was fear and crying

UCS and neutral stimulus (rat) introduced leading to ucr of fear and crying

Then conditioned stimulus rat let to conditioned response fear

Question 17

How does classical conditioning explain phobias

Answer 17

Suggest phobias are a result of an association with something else - mental illnesses are learnt from environment

Question 18

How does operant conditioning explain phobias

Answer 18

Negative reinforcement - the happiness when avoiding phobia encourages you to continue avoiding it

Question 19

How can the behaviourist explanation be considered reductionist

How can it be holistic

Answer 19

Only looks at the effect of association and no other factors

When combining classical and operant conditioning

Question 20

How does the behaviourist explanation ignore individualism

Answer 20

Ignores individyal differnevs - not all phobias can be explained by bad experiences
Not all bad experiences lead to phobias

Question 21

What mental illness is the cognitive explanation used to explain

Answer 21

Depression

Question 22

What are the 3 key concepts of the cognitive explanation

Answer 22

Cognitive distortion

Negative schema

Negative triad

Question 23

What are the 3 parts of cognitive distortion

Answer 23

Overgeneralising (viewing one unfortunate event as part of a never ending defeat or struggle)

Filtering - giving greater consideration to the negative aspects and downplaying anything positive

Catastrophisation - feeling that a situation outcome is it will be far worse than it actually is or turns out to be

Question 24

What is the negative schema

Answer 24

A schema is a package of knowledge we gave about something

And a negative schemas are learnt from childhood so you adapt a negative view of the world due to things like criticism parents abuse

Question 25

What is the negative triad

Answer 25

Self - world - future Having negative thoughts about yourself which then become negative about world and then negative about dirtier

Question 26

How is the cognitive explanation useful

Answer 26

It is practical applications - to challenge faulty thoughts

Question 27

How is the cognitive explanation interactionists

Answer 27

It looks at both nature and nurture (leaning and experience as well as an individuals brain innate capacity as information processors

Question 28

How is the behaviourist perspective reductionist

Answer 28

It doesn’t explain all the aspects of depression, over simplified it when it is actually very complex - Ignores the biological explanations that could be better at explaining it (ie genes and neurotransmitters )

Question 29

How is the cognitive explanation individualist

Answer 29

Loooks ta the reason of abnormality by looking at the way that a person thinks - everything is based on that Is a weakness cos people being blamed for their depression even though other things like environmental factors could have caused it

Question 30

Is the cognitive explanation valid

Answer 30

Yes - very successful CBT which most effective method of treating a variety of disorders like depression

Question 31

Why can cognitive explanation be seen as ethical and unethical

Answer 31

Individual has power to change They are the cause of it

Question 32

Is cognitive explanation scientific

Answer 32

It can be - study by beck showing people with depression had more faulty thinking than those who didn’t But hard to assess whether faulty thoughts cause depression or caused by the depression

Question 33

Which mental illness is the psychodynamic explanation about

Answer 33

Phobias

Question 34

Outline the psychodynamic explanation of phobia

Answer 34

Disorders are caused by unconscious factors such as fears desires and memories of traumatic events There are 3 parts of the psyche , Id ego and superego Id is pleasure principle the ego is reality principle and superego is the morality principle Ego causes defence mechanism to protect conscious mind from distress in emotions and thoughts For example displacement, denial, regression Example is Freud - fear of father displaced into fear of horses

Question 35

What is the id ego and superego What happens when psyche is unbalanced

Answer 35

Id- irrational and chaotic - wanting all at once Ego - is moderator, making acceptable decisions by societal expectations Superego- shame and guilt punishes id Unbalanced superego- ocd and anxiety Unbalanced id - gambling and additction So basically manifest into disorders

Question 36

How is psychodynamic explanation useful

Answer 36

Can be used psychoanalysis to treat phobias Brining what it is unconscious mind to conscious mind to treat it

Question 37

How can psychodynamic explanation be seen as valid

Answer 37

Psychoanalysis is effective

Question 38

Is the psychodynamic explanation determinism

Answer 38

Yes - unconscious mind determines behaviours - unaware of those internal forces

Question 39

How is psychodynamic both Individual and situations

Answer 39

Phobias specific to each person due to unique experience and unique minds Situation - looking at childhood

Question 40

How can psychodynamic perspective be reductionist and holistic

Answer 40

Only looks at unconscious mind Looks at factors like psyche, childhood , defence mechanisms, Oedipus complex

Question 41

What is a non biological treatment of mental illness

Answer 41

Systematic desensitisation

Question 42

What is systematic desensitisation based on

Answer 42

Behaviourust explanation Idea that was is learnt can be unlearnt

Question 43

What is the aim of systematic desensitisation

Answer 43

Replacing a maladaptive response (fear) with a more appropriate response (relaxation )

Question 44

What are the 3 parts to sd

Answer 44

Progressive muscle relaxation Fear / anxiety hierarchy Gradual exposure while relaxing

Question 45

Why does the idea of sd word

Answer 45

You can’t feel fear and relaxation at the same time (reciprocal inhibition)

Question 46

Deep muscle relaxation

Answer 46

Teaching the patent how to relax all their muscles completely by clenching and unclenching muscles etc

Question 47

What is fear / anxiety hierarchy

Answer 47

Create a hierarchy of situations and objects that th patient is fearful of From least to most fearful eg from lookind at picture of spider To having spider crawl on them

Question 48

What is gradual exposure while relaxing - what are the 2 ways it can be down

Answer 48

In vivo real life In vitro imagining Working through the heriachy in real life or imagine while trying to relaxing completely as learnt originally Patient has to feel completely relaxed when in or imaging situation before moving on If they can’t feel relaxed they can move back a stage