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GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 - WATER AND CARBON > AMAZON RAINFOREST > Flashcards

AMAZON RAINFOREST Flashcards

1
Q

size of amazon

A

worlds largest tropical rainforest
covers 40% of SAm land mas
covers 68% of brazil

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2
Q

conditions of amazon

A

very hot and wet
vegetation is very dense

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3
Q

what lives there

A

many indigenous people
1 million plant species
500 species of mammals
2000 species of fish
- particularly endangered species of them all

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4
Q

what causes the amazon to be so wet

A

evaporation from the Atlantic ocean being blown over

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5
Q

what causes high evapotranspiration

A

warm temperatures

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6
Q

what causes high interception rates. what’s does this mean for the water cycle

A

dense canopy
less water flows - flows more slowly into the river

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7
Q

what are the species adapted towards

A

the high humidity

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8
Q

what dos the amazon store, what does this make it

A

carbon - in vegetation and soil
carbon sink

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9
Q

how much of the amazon is considered a carbon source

A

1/5

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10
Q

negative feedback loop - CO2 and plants

A

increase CO2
increased productivity - plants absorb more CO2 for photosynthesis
biomass increases

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11
Q

how much CO2 absorbed in 1990s vs 2015

A

1990 - 2 billion tonnes
2015 - 1 billion tonnes

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12
Q

how much of the original land has been lost to deforestation

A

17%

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13
Q

what % of deforestation is associated with farming

A

90% - cattle and agriculture
- arable and pastoral

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14
Q

what impact does deforestation - farming have on the water cycle

A

no tree canopy to intercept rainfall - more water reaches ground surface
fills up water table
becomes runoff
increase flood risk
decreased river discharge

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15
Q

what does deforestation do to evapotranspiration.
what does this mean - neg

A

reduces it
less water in the atmosphere, fewer clouds and rainfall is reduced. 1/3 of the areas rainfall is recycled - could lead to drought

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16
Q

what does reduced evapotranspiration mean after deforestation.

A
  • change weather patterns locally
  • affects carbon cycle
17
Q

what does reduced evapotranspiration mean after deforestation - change weather patterns locally

A

become wetter/windier at local scale
cleared areas warm up faster and warm air rises, creating low pressure - drawing in moist air from surroundings
vegetation breezes create clouds and rain

18
Q

what does reduced evapotranspiration mean after deforestation - affects carbon cycle

A

w/o roots to hold soil, heavy rain washes away top layer of soil
= transfers carbon from soil –> hydrosphere

19
Q

human activities that affect carbon and water cycles

A

deforestation
climate change

20
Q

what does fewer trees mean

A

less photosynthesis
less CO2 taken up
global warming increased

21
Q

how many tonnes of carbon per hectare do tropical rainforests hold

A

500

22
Q

how many tonnes of carbon per hectare does farmland hold

A

5 tonnes
100 times less than tropical rainforests
more CO2 left in the atmosphere

23
Q

what has drought been experienced
what years has this happened

A

temp increasing
rainfall decreasing

2005, 2010, 2015-16

24
Q

what does drought encourage

A

forest fires
- releases more carbon into atmosphere, increased GHE

25
Q

what do scientists predict

A

4*C temp rise = kill off 85% of amazon - increase CO2 emissions
- more decomp
- less photosynthesis

26
Q

how much less carbon does secondary forests store

A

regrowth of secondary forest = 40% less carbon than original forest

27
Q

what can be done to limit human impact

A

selective logging
replanting
environmental law
protection

28
Q

selective logging

A

only some trees (usually oldest) are felled
less damaging to the forest - not all trees are cut down
- canopy is still there
- soil is still held together
- photosynthesis continues at a similar rate

29
Q

replanting

A

new trees are planted - replace the ones cut down

30
Q

replanting initiative in PERU

A

replanted 115 acres of forest - 2016-2019
same trees must be replanted to maintain balance i the water and carbon cycles

31
Q

environmental law

A

laws that ban the use of wood from the forest that are not managed sustainably
ban excessive logging
control land use to protect rainforests

32
Q

what environmental law has been put in place in brazil

A

Brazilian Forest Code

33
Q

brazilian forest code

A

landowners have to keep 50-80% of their land as forest

34
Q

protection

A

many countries set up national parks and nature reserves - protect rainforests
damaging activities - logging - can be monitored and prevented

35
Q

what did brazil set up - protection

A

Central Amazon Conservation Complex

36
Q

Central Amazon Conservation Complex

A

2003
covers 49,000km3

GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 - WATER AND CARBON (2 decks)

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