Amino Acids and Proteins (Module 6)

Question 1

organic molecules with at least one _______ group (basic -NH2) and one ______ group (acid –COOH)

Answer 1

Amino

Carboxyl

Question 2

_- form isomers most common in humans

Answer 2

L

Question 3

amino acids are ___________(can act as acids or bases)

at alkaline ph (high), have a net ____ charge
at acid pH (low), have a net ___ charge

Answer 3

ampholytes

neg

pos

Question 4

polypeptides with >___amino acids are called proteins

Answer 4

50

Question 5

Simple
contain only ______ ______
eg: albumin, ______

Answer 5

Amino Acids

Collagen

Question 6

Derived- protein breakdown products

- ________, ________

Answer 6

peptides

peptones

Question 7

contain a non-protein prosthetic group which relates to the function of the protein

Answer 7

Conjugated protein

Question 8

Sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain

Answer 8

Primary Structure

Question 9

Shaping of polypeptide chain by hydrogen bonds.

either a alpha-helix (most common) or a beta-pleated sheet

Answer 9

Secondary Structure

Question 10

folding of polypeptide chain into a characteristic three dimensional shape.
held together by hydrogen, covalent and ionic bonds, as well as hydrophobic forces

Answer 10

Tertiary Structure

Question 11

association of various subunits (folded polypeptides) to produce a specific macromolecule.
eg four globin chains to make a hemoglobin molecule

Answer 11

Quaternary Structure

Question 12

the pH of a solution where the protein will have a net charge of zero (neutral)

Answer 12

Isoelectric Point (pI)

Question 13

most plasma proteins have a pI around _ or _

negatively charged at normal pH ____

Answer 13

4 or 5

7.4

Question 14

breakage of bonds in the secondary and tertiary structures.
changes functionality of protein
may or may not be reversible

Answer 14

Denaturation

Question 15

disruption of bonds in primary structure.

irreversible

Answer 15

Coagulation

Question 16

Stomach

Parietal cells- release _________ ______
Chief cells- release _______ -> _____

Answer 16

hydrochloric acid

trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen

Question 17

Removal of amino group (-NH2) to produce an α-keto acid and ammonia

Answer 17

Deamination

Question 18

Transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to an α-keto acid to produce a different amino acid (and new α-keto acid)

Answer 18

Transamination

Question 19

Transamination

catalyzed by aminotransferases, give two examples

AST and ALT are found in high levels in ____, _______, _________

Answer 19

aminotransferases

aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

liver, heart and skeletal muscle tissue

Question 20

reaction of peptide bonds of proteins with copper ions at an alkaline pH.
violet color produced proportional to the number of peptide bonds (=amount of protein)

Answer 20

Biuret Method for Total Protein

Question 21

__________ ____- prevents autoreduction of cupric ions
(Cu2+  Cu+)
_____ _________ _______- maintains cupric ions in solution at alkaline pH

Answer 21

potassium iodide

sodium-potassium-tartrate

Question 22

What are two tests that the biuret method is not used for?

Answer 22

NOT used for urines (ammonia interferes) or for CSF proteins (not sensitive enough for low levels)

Question 23

specific dyes will selectively bind to proteins:

Albumin: __________ or _________
Urine proteins: __________ ______ _______
Electrophoresis: _______ ________, _______ _____

Answer 23

bromocresol green (BCG) or bromocresol purple (BCP)

Coomassie Brilliant Blue

Amido black, Acid violet

Question 24

Reference Ranges

Total Protein __– __ g/L

Albumin __ – __ g/L

Answer 24

60-80

35-55

Question 25

high ionic strength= ____ resolution lower mobility gives higher resolution (distinct bands), but are crowded together low ionic strength= ___ resolution higher mobility separates bands over larger area, but are more diffuse and less distinct

Answer 25

high low

Question 26

Movement of buffer in the direction _______ to protein migration

Answer 26

opposite

Question 27

slowest moving proteins (gamma) will be swept backwards towards _____- (_______migration)

Answer 27

cathode Cathodic

Question 28

Ohms Law =

Answer 28

E=I X R voltage=current x resistance)

Question 29

Albumin is ________ moving, so farthest migration towards anode. Gamma globulins display _________ migration from point-of-application (POA) due to electroendosmosis

Answer 29

fastest cathodic

Question 30

What are two functions of albumin?

Answer 30

transport- bilirubin, hormones, calcium, magnesium, fatty acids, uric acid regulation of osmotic (oncotic) pressure between plasma and interstitial fluid

Question 31

What does alpha-antitrypsin do?

Answer 31

Neutralizes proteases

Question 32

What does Alpha lipoproteins do?

Answer 32

high density lipoproteins (HDL) for transport of cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins

Question 33

What does thyroid binding globulin do?

Answer 33

transport of thyroid hormones in blood

Question 34

What does alpha fetoprotein do?

Answer 34

present in fetal serum, infants and pregnant females

Question 35

What does haptoglobin do?

Answer 35

binds free hemoglobin in plasma

Question 36

what does ceruloplasmin do?

Answer 36

transport of copper in plasma

Question 37

what does alpha2-macroglobulin do?

Answer 37

binds and inhibits proteases | largest portion of α2 band

Question 38

what does Pre-beta-lipoproteins do?

Answer 38

very low density lipoproteins

Question 39

what does VLDL do?

Answer 39

transport of cholesterol

Question 40

what does transferrin do

Answer 40

iron transport

Question 41

what does hemopexin do

Answer 41

heme binding

Question 42

what does β2-microglobulin do

Answer 42

HLA complex on cell surfaces

Question 43

what does C3 and C4 do

Answer 43

complement components

Question 44

what does CRP- C-reactive protein do

Answer 44

(opsonization)

Question 45

IgA- broad bridge (β-γ bridging) | __________ in liver disease

Answer 45

increased

Question 46

What does the Gamma band contain?

Answer 46

diffuse band of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgD and IgE)

Question 47

``` excessive loss nephrotic syndrome, burns, blood loss decreased intake diet, malnutrition liver disease immunodeficiency disorders accelerated protein breakdown muscular dystrophy, burns ```

Answer 47

Hypoproteinemia

Question 48

``` Albumin _________: dehydration _________: liver disease nephrotic syndrome acute phase reactions malnutrition/starvation ```

Answer 48

Increased Decreased

Question 49

α1 -antitrypsin _________: inflammation _________: emphysema

Answer 49

increased | decreased

Question 50

α1- lipoprotein (HDL) __________: hyperlipidemia __________: liver disease

Answer 50

increased decreased

Question 51

α1- fetoprotein | _______: pregnancy, neural tube defects (spina bifida), primary liver cancer

Answer 51

increased

Question 52

haptoglobin _______: inflammation, Hodgkin’s, AMI ________: hemolytic anemia, liver disease

Answer 52

increased decreased

Question 53

ceruloplasmin _________: pregnancy _________: Wilson’s disease

Answer 53

increased decreased

Question 54

α2 - macroglobulin ________: nephrotic syndrome ________: multiple myeloma

Answer 54

increased decreased

Question 55

transferrin _________: anemias _________: nephrotic, liver disease

Answer 55

increased decreased

Question 56

β2-microglobulin | ________: renal failure, inflammation, lymphocyte disorders

Answer 56

increased

Question 57

β lipoproteins (LDL) | _______: hyperlipidemia

Answer 57

increased

Question 58

C reactive protein (CRP) | _________: atherosclerosis, inflammation

Answer 58

increased

Question 59

the gamma band increases when there are ______ and ____ _____

Answer 59

infections liver disease

Question 60

Sharp bands appear in the gamma band when there is _____ ______

Answer 60

multiple myeloma

Question 61

the gamma band decreases when there is ______ _____ and _____ _____

Answer 61

immune deficiencies lymphocytic leukemia

Question 62

when a group of proteins produced by liver that increase when there is inflammation, infections and trauma.

Answer 62

Acute phase proteins