Amino Acids Study Guide Flashcards
(21 cards)
Ideal protein
Amino acids are provided in the appropriate proportions relative to digestible Lys to avoid an amino acid imbalance or antagonism.
Digestibility coefficient
The proportion of the amino acid that is absorbed by the animal. Digestibility coefficients of animal acids for an ingredient are determined by chick bioassays.
Amino imbalance
Diet providing adequate levels of some of the essential amino acids but deficient in one or more essential amino acids.
Amino acid antagonism
An interaction between amino acids where an excess of one amino acid increases the need for another amino acid. Amino acids involved in an antagonism usually have similar chemical structures. Lys, Arg?
DL-methionine hydroxyl analogue
Keto acid that is converted to active methionine by the process of trans animation. Transamination= addition of an amino NH2
Transamination
The exchange of ammonia from amino acid to a Keto moiety of a Keto acid.
List the essential amino acids for poultry 1,2,3 also limiting amino acids
1) methionine 2) lysine 3) threonine 4) Val Phe Trp Isoleucine His Arg Leu
List the factors affecting amino acid requirements
Rate of growth Sex Feed form Maintenance: weight and temp Genetic strain Availability of AA in ingredients Levels of essential AA in the diet
Why is digestible Lys considered the reference amino acid in expressing amino acid requirements as ratios?
Lys is used for lean tissue growth. It is high in breast muscle meaning it is needed more in order to produce muscle.
What are reasons for formulating on a digestible amino acid basis?
More precise Allows more efficient use of co-products (DDGS lower price to save on diet cost). -reduces nitrogen excretion
Describe the potential reasons for reduced growth associated with Lys-Arg antagonism.
Lys-Arg antagonism may result in Lys blocking Arg absorption. In addition transaminase activity can be increased leading to Arg being catabolized thus less Arg available for protein synthesis.
List the order of toxicity for amino acids.
Met-Trp-His-Tyr-Phe-Cys-Leu-isoleucine-Val-Lys-Thr (least toxic)
What are the functions of amino acids?
-principle constituent of organs and soft tissues. -special functions -body contains over 100,000 proteins - protein makes up 80% of body on a dry fat free basis -building blocks of the body (protein synthesis) must have to drive protein synthesis - muscle and bone development -feathers, enzymes, hormones
Explain the metabolic effects of excess leu on reduced growth rate of broilers.
Leucine has similar chemical structure to amino acids valine and isoleucine which equals antagonism. Excess leucine would create an imbalance in the diet resulting in an increase need for isoleucine and valine which are essential amino acids. Meaning these amino acids have to be supplied in the diet which means they can not be synthesized fast enough to meet the tissue requirements that we’re lost by giving an excess amount of leucine. This results In decreased growth rate. -Decreased bw gain and feed intake -Increased isoleucine oxidation -Increased branched chain amino transferase - increased branch ketoacid dehydrogenase
Which amino acids are considered ketogenic? What are the resulting products from these amino acids and how do these products provide energy to the bird?
Ketogenic only= Lys and Leu Keto and Gluco= isoleucine, Phe, Trp, Tyr The resulting products are acetoacetate, acetone, D-B-hydroxybutyrate Provide energy through FA synthesis or Krebs cycle
imbalance vs deficiency
• Deficiency: Deficient in one of the essential
amino acids, hence protein synthesis will
occur to the amount of the limiting amino
acid.
• Imbalance: Growth is affected by one or
amino acids other than the amino acid that
is deficient.
• Adding the amino acid that is deficient will
alleviate both a deficiency or imbalance.
Antogonism
Interaction between amino acidswhere an excess of one amino acid brings about an increase in the requirement of one or more of the antagonists
Amino acid supplements in the Broiler Industry
- DL-Methionine: Powder
- Methionine hydroxy analogue: Liquid
- L-Lysine HCl: Powder
- L-Lysine BioLys: Powder
- L-Lysine 50 or 60: Liquid
- L-Threonine: Powder
ideal protein
• One gram of lean tissue deposition
requires different proportions of
essential amino acids.
• Diet supplies amino acids in the exact
proportions required by the bird.
• Diet should utilized efficiently as
amino acids should not be deficient or
in excess.
ideal protein
• Factors such as strain, BW, sex
should not affect of the proportions of
the amino acids.
• Levels of amino acids may change due
to the needs of the bird but not the
relative proportions.
ideal protein
- Lys is the reference amino acid.
- Other essential amino acids are expressed relative to Lys.
- Once the Lys requirement is known, the other amino acid requirements can be expressed proportional to Lys.
