aminoglycosides

Question 1

natural

shatan ka gegu

Answer 1

streptomycin
tobramycin
neomycin
kanamycin
gentamycin

Question 2

semisynthetic

apna selfish

Answer 2

amikacin
paromomycin
netilmicin
sisomicin
framycetin

Question 3

route

Answer 3

IV + IM

Question 4

absorption

Answer 4

poor GI
1% absorbed
neomycin given orally for local use
highly polar low lipid solubility

Question 5

freely circulate in blood

Answer 5

low plasma protein binding

Question 6

distribution

Answer 6

poor
poor blood conc.
high conc - middle ear + kidney

Question 7

plasma half life

Answer 7

2-3hrs
effect persists for 24hrs - post antibiotic effect
give once daily

Question 8

excretiom

Answer 8

kidney + freely filtered

Question 9

metabolism

Answer 9

not in body

Question 10

MOA

Answer 10

passive diffusion through outer porin channels
reach periplasmic space
cross cell mem. by active transport ( energy+oxygen dependent rx EDP-1)
BIND TO 30S SUBUNIT
block initiation + terminate + add incorrect AA
inhibit protein syn
bacteriocidal effect

Question 11

transport inhibited by

Answer 11

low pH
anaerobic cond.
Ca++

Question 12

transport promoted by

Answer 12

B-lactam drugs

Question 13

KEEP STaPled CaSh in PurSe

Answer 13

klebsiella
enterobacter
e. coli
pseudomonas +proteus
s. agalactaei
TB + talaremia
plague
catarrhalis
shigella 
influenza
providentia 
serratia

Question 14

resistance

Answer 14

dec. permeation
inactivation of drug
deletion of 30S receptor

Question 15

gentamycin

Answer 15

micromonospora purperae
IV + IM
combination with b lactam drug
g+ /G- active
anaerobes - no activity

Question 16

(G) aerobic g+

Answer 16

UTI
meningitis
pneumonia
septicemia

Question 17

peritonitis

Answer 17

peritonial dialysis

Question 18

inf.

Answer 18

p. aeruginosa
MRSA
g- bacilli
burn

Question 19

endocarditis

Answer 19

enterococcal

with penicillin

Question 20

topical

Answer 20

ocular inf

inf. burn wounds

Question 21

intrathecal

Answer 21

meningitis

g-

Question 22

not recommended

Answer 22

g+

Question 23

toxicities

Answer 23

nephrotoxicity - 5-35% - reversible - 3-5 days
ototoxicity - irreversible - vesitubular dysfunc.
hypersensitivity
neuromuscular blockade

Question 24

mycobact. inf.

streptomycin

Answer 24

IM + IV
TB
other TB drugs
intensive phase

Question 25

non-tuberculous inf. | strep

Answer 25

IM | tularemia + plague + brucellosis - zoonotic

Question 26

combination therapy | strep + penicillin

Answer 26

enterococcal endocarditis streptococcal inf.

Question 27

topical neomycin

Answer 27

inf. of skin- burns+wounds+ulcers+dermatosis | ointments- inf. skin lesions - staphylococcal inf

Question 28

oral neomycin

Answer 28

preperation of bowel for surgery

Question 29

hepatic coma neomycin

Answer 29

prevent encephlopathy

Question 30

kenamycin

Answer 30

toxic- parental | peritonial cavity after op.

Question 31

parmomycin

Answer 31

parental route luminal amoebiasis' visceral leishmaniosis

Question 32

framycetin

Answer 32

inf. burns

Question 33

not parental route | too toxic

Answer 33

neomycin parmomycin framycetin

Question 34

amikacin

Answer 34

derivative of kanamycin resistant- enzyme -degenerate tobramycin + gentamycin nosocomial + serious + g- + bacilli inf - in hospitals atypical mycobacteria in AIDS multidrug resistant strains _ TB

Question 35

tobramycin

Answer 35

similar to gentamycin | more active - pseudomonas

Question 36

natilmicin

Answer 36

resistant - enzyme - degeneration of gentamycin + tobramycin | used against resistant strains

Question 37

nephrotoxicity

Answer 37

time+ conc. dependent peak b/w 20-40 trough b/w 4-8

Question 38

ototoxicity

Answer 38

high conc. in perilymph + endolymph - inner ear destroy hair cells maybe permanent hearing loss - tinitis - dizziness - ataxia

Question 39

toxicity aggrevated by

Answer 39

1. furosemide / ethacrynic acid 2. elderly patients 3. more than 5 days 4. high conc. 5. renal insufficiency

Question 40

most ototoxic

Answer 40

kanamycin, neomycin, amikacin

Question 41

most vesitubulotoxic

Answer 41

Streptomycin & gentamycin

Question 42

most nephrotoxic

Answer 42

Neomycin Tobramycin Gentamicin

Question 43

reversible nephrotoxicity

Answer 43

``` high conc. renal medlulla malfunc. dec. GFR protein hyaline granular castes - urine aggrevate - vancomycin + cyclosporin +amphotericin b ```

Question 44

neuromuscular blockade

Answer 44

antidote; Ca++ gluconate or Neostigmine

Question 45

hypersensitivity

Answer 45

streptomycin

Question 46

cns

Answer 46

rare optic nerve damage neuritis

Question 47

local irritation

Answer 47

IM

Question 48

contradictions

Answer 48

pregnancy renal failure with neuromuscular blockades known hypersensitivity