AML, Lung Ca

Question 1

What is the most common leukemia in adults?

Answer 1

AML

Question 2

What is the most common leukemia in children?

Answer 2

ALL

Question 3

What lab finding is characteristic of acute leukemia?

Answer 3

Pancytopenia with circulating blasts

Question 4

What cytogenetic abnormality is associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)?

Answer 4

t(15;17)

Question 5

Which acute leukemia is associated with Auer rods?

Answer 5

AML

Question 6

What is the treatment for APL (M3 subtype of AML)?

Answer 6

ATRA (all-trans retinoic acid) + arsenic trioxide

Question 7

What serious complication can occur after ATRA initiation in APL?

Answer 7

Differentiation syndrome (fever, pulmonary infiltrates, hypotension)

Question 8

Which leukemia has a high risk of DIC?

Answer 8

APL (a subtype of AML)

Question 9

What cell marker is positive in AML?

Answer 9

Myeloperoxidase (MPO+)

Question 10

What cell markers are typical in ALL?

Answer 10

TdT+ (marker of immature lymphoid cells), CD10+ (CALLA), CD19+ (B-cell)

Question 11

What cytogenetic change in ALL has a poor prognosis in adults?

Answer 11

Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22)

Question 12

What CNS prophylaxis is required in ALL?

Answer 12

Intrathecal methotrexate (± cytarabine)

Question 13

What signs and symptoms may suggest ALL?

Answer 13

Bone pain, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, CNS involvement

Question 14

What age group is ALL most common in?

Answer 14

Children (ages 2–10)

Question 15

What is tumor lysis syndrome, and when does it occur?

Answer 15

Rapid cell lysis after chemo; ↑K⁺, ↑phosphate, ↓Ca²⁺, ↑uric acid → renal failure

Question 16

How is tumor lysis syndrome prevented?

Answer 16

IV fluids, allopurinol or rasburicase

Question 17

What is the most common cause of death during induction therapy for AML?

Answer 17

Infection or bleeding (due to pancytopenia)

Question 18

What is the best initial test for suspected acute leukemia?

Answer 18

CBC with peripheral smear

Question 19

What is required for definitive diagnosis of AML or ALL?

Answer 19

Bone marrow biopsy with >20% blasts

Question 20

What treatment is used in AML (non-APL)?

Answer 20

Cytarabine + anthracycline (e.g., daunorubicin or idarubicin)

Question 21

When is stem cell transplant considered in acute leukemias?

Answer 21

Poor prognostic markers or relapsed/refractory disease

Question 22

What are the two major categories of lung cancer?

Answer 22

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

Question 23

What are the main subtypes of NSCLC?

Answer 23

Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma

Question 24

Which lung cancer is most common in non-smokers and women?

Answer 24

Adenocarcinoma

Question 25

Where is squamous cell carcinoma of the lung usually located?

Answer 25

Centrally (hilar mass)

Question 26

What paraneoplastic syndrome is associated with squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 26

Hypercalcemia due to PTHrP secretion

Question 27

What lung cancer is most associated with SIADH and ectopic ACTH production?

Answer 27

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

Question 28

What is the most aggressive form of lung cancer with early metastasis?

Answer 28

Small cell lung cancer

Question 29

Which lung cancer subtype often involves peripheral nodules?

Answer 29

Adenocarcinoma

Question 30

What mutation is associated with adenocarcinoma in non-smokers?

Answer 30

EGFR mutation

Question 31

What are symptoms of Pancoast tumor (superior sulcus tumor)?

Answer 31

Shoulder pain, Horner syndrome, brachial plexus involvement

Question 32

What syndrome is caused by lung cancer compressing the SVC?

Answer 32

Superior vena cava syndrome

Question 33

What are signs of SVC syndrome?

Answer 33

Facial swelling, jugular venous distension, venous collaterals on chest

Question 34

What is the most appropriate initial test when lung cancer is suspected?

Answer 34

Chest CT with contrast

Question 35

What is the next step after finding a suspicious lung nodule on imaging?

Answer 35

Compare to prior imaging if available; consider PET scan or biopsy based on risk factors and size

Question 36

What imaging is used to assess mediastinal lymph node involvement or metastases?

Answer 36

PET-CT

Question 37

What is the definitive diagnosis of lung cancer based on?

Answer 37

Tissue biopsy

Question 38

How is early-stage NSCLC typically treated?

Answer 38

Surgical resection ± adjuvant chemo or radiation

Question 39

How is SCLC typically treated?

Answer 39

Chemotherapy and radiation (usually not surgical due to early spread)

Question 40

What staging system is used for SCLC?

Answer 40

Limited vs extensive stage

Question 41

What screening test is recommended for high-risk patients (55–80 years old with 30+ pack-year history)?

Answer 41

Annual low-dose CT scan

Question 42

What is the most common site of metastasis for lung cancer?

Answer 42

Brain, bone, liver, adrenal glands

Question 43

What is hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, and which cancer is it associated with?

Answer 43

Digital clubbing + periostitis of long bones; associated with NSCLC (esp. adenocarcinoma)