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MedParaLec Finals > Amoebozoa, Heterolobosa, Fornicata, Parabasilada (Lec) > Flashcards

Amoebozoa, Heterolobosa, Fornicata, Parabasilada (Lec) Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

5 Intestinal Protozoans

A
  • Entamoeba Histolytica (Bloody diarrhea)
  • Giardia Lamblia (Non-bloody diarrhea)
  • Cryptococcus Cayetanensis (Non-bloody diarrhea)
  • Cyrptosporodium
  • Isospora bellis
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2
Q

Intestinal protozoan that causes diarrhea with blood and leukocytes

A

Invasive (Such as E. histolytica)

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3
Q

Intestinal protozoa that draws water in lumen. Causes high volume diarrhea with no inflammation of bowel mucosa

A

Osmotic (Such G. Lamblia)

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4
Q

Increased frequency and/or fluidity of bowel movements

A

Diarrhea

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5
Q

Passage of loose stools with or without increased stool frequency for more than 4 weeks

A

Chronic Diarrhea

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6
Q

Inflammation of the intestinal tract secondary to infection

A

Dysentery

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7
Q

A class of amoeboid eukaryotes that forms either filiform subpseudopodia or lobopodia

A

Lobosea

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8
Q

Motile, reproducing, and feeding stage of amoeboida

A

Trophozoites

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9
Q

Nonmotile infective stage of amoeboida

A

Cyst

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10
Q

Causes amebiasis, amebic dysentery, and/or extraintestinal amebiasis. Uses pseudopodia for movement and can be characterized by ingested RBCs. The mature cyst has 4 nuclei

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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11
Q

Pathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica

A
  • Trophozoite invasion of intestinal epithelium
  • Trophozoite multiplication with rapid lateral spread
  • Primary lesion: “Flask shaped ulcer”
  • Perforation/Secondary bacterial infection
  • Secondary lesion: Cecum, appendix, ascending colon
  • Chronic infection: Ileocecal valve, terminal ileum
  • Ameboma: Luminal instructions
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12
Q

Clinical manifestations of Entamoeba histolytica

A
  • For serious: Extreme abdominal tenderness, fulminating dysentery, dehydration, and incapacitation
  • For less acute: Gradual, episodes of diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting, urgent desire to defecate
  • More commonly: Weeks of cramps and general discomfort, loss of appetite and weight loss with general malaise
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13
Q

Epidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica

A
  • Developing countries
  • Fecal-oral route
  • Contaminated water, vegetables, and food
  • Most are asymptomatic
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14
Q

Diagnosis and Management of Entamoeba histolytica

A
  • At least 3 fresh stool specimens to be used for permanent stained smear and concentration procedure
  • Saline mount: Fresh liquid, very soft stool
  • Antigen-based immunoassay
  • DOC: Metronidazole
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15
Q

Most commonly confused with Entamoeba histolytica. The nucleus has a large eccentric karyosome and irregular chromatin distribution. The trophozoite has no RBC, the cyst has 8 nuclei

A

Entamoeba coli

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16
Q

The only intestinal parasite other than Entamoeba histolytica suspected of diarrhea and dyspepsia. Flagellated

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

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17
Q

Strictly anaerobic intestinal protozoa and reproduces by binary fission or sporulation. Abdominal symptoms with no other apparent etiologic agent. DOC is metronidazole and diagnostic method is Trichome stain

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A

Blastocystis hominis

18
Q

Non-pathogenic intestinal amebae

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A
  • Iodamoeba butschlii
  • Endolimax nana
19
Q

A subphylum of protozoans comprising forms typically having one or more flagella and reproducing asexually usually by binary fission

20
Q

Only common pathogenic protozoan found in duodenum and jejunum. The trophozoites are heart-shaped with 2 anterior nuclei and 4 pairs of flagella with a sucking disk on the ventral side. The cyst is oval with 2-4 nuclei located at one end and serves as both the diagnostic and infective stage. It may survive in water for up to 3 months

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A

Giardia lamblia

21
Q

Diseases caused by Giardia lamblia

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A
  • Giardiasis
  • “Traveler’s Diarrhea”
  • Non-tissue invader
  • Osmotic diarrhea
22
Q

Pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of Giardia lamblia

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A
  • Weakly pathogenic
  • Ingestion of cysts
  • Trophozoites adheres to small intestine causing irritation and low-grade inflammation
  • Coats the SI interfering with intestinal fat absorption causing stools with fat, watery, semisolid grease and foul smell
  • Crypt hypertrophy, villous atrophy, flattening and epithelial cell damage leading to acute/chronic diarrhea
  • Malaise, weakness, weight loss, abdominal cramps, distention and flatulence may go for long periods
23
Q

Epidemiology of Giardia lamblia

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A
  • Fecal oral transmission
  • Direct fecal contamination
24
Q

Diagnosis of Giardia lamblia

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A
  • Trophozoites or cysts in feces or duodenal contests
  • At least 3 stool specimens
  • Permanent stained spear
  • Check mucus in feces
  • String test/Entero test
  • Antigen based immunoassay
25
Treatment of Giardia lamblia
- Metronidazole - Quinacrine - Furazolidone
26
Mastigophora associated with cases of diarrhea found in the cecum and colon. Has no cyst form. The trophozoite has 2 nuclei connected by a division spindle filament and uses pseudopodia
Dientamoba fragilis
27
Clinical manifestations, treatment, and diagnosis of Dientamoeba fragilis
- Usually asymptomatic - Diarrhea, anorexia, abdominal pain - Trophozoites can be found in feces on formed stools - Treatment includes iodoquinol, tetracylcine, or paromomycin
28
Cyst form may be confused with Dientamoeba fragilis
Endolimax nana
29
Non pathogenic mastigophora
- Chilomastix mesnili - Trichomonas hominis
30
STD mastigophora with no cyst form, and the trophozoites has 4 free flagella from a single stalk and a 5th forming an undulating membrane
Trichomonas vaginalis
31
Epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis
STD and may infect infants during birth
32
Pathology and clinical manifestations of Trichomonas vaginalis
- Most are asymptomatic or mild - In women, infection is limited to the vulva, vagina, and cervix. The mucosal surface may be tender, inflamed, eroded, and covered with cream-colored discharge. Pruritus and burning pain - In men, infection is limited to the prostate, seminal vesicles, and urethra. Majority asymptomatic
33
Diagnosis and treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis
- Fresh urethral discharge, vaginal smear, or urine - PAP smear - DOC: Metronidazole
34
Causative agent of Extraintestinal amebiasis
Entamoeba histolytica
35
Clinical manifestations of extraintestinal amebiasis via Entamoeba histolytica
- Most commonly amebic hepatitis or liver abscess - Microemboli via portal circulation - "Anchovy paste" abscess
36
Causes acute meningoencephalitis in normal host. The mature amoeba is only in the brain tissue. Has no corneal infection
Naegleria fowleri
37
Causes chronic meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised hosts. The cysts and mature amoeba are found in brain tissue. Corneal infection is present and can be diagnosed by corneal scraping
Acanthamoeba keratitis
38
Pathology and clinical manifestations of Naegleri fowleri
- Enters via nose and cribiform plate of ethmoid bone - Migrates along olfactory nerves to invade brain tissue - Rapidly forms nests of amebae that causes extensive hemorrhage and damage - Incubation period is around 1-14 days and 95% will die in a week - Fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, and vomiting
39
Diagnosis and treatment of Naegleria fowleri
- Usually via autopsy - Lumbar/spinal tap shows high neutrophil count, low glucose, high protein, and no bacteria - DOC: intrathecal amphotericin B
40
Causes chronic granulomatous amebic encephalitis. Point of entry is from skin ulcers or traumatic penetration. Keratitis from puncture of the corneal surface, ulceration from contaminated saline used with contact lenses
Acanthamoeba keratitis or Balamuthia mandrillaris
41
Pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba keratitis and Balamuthia mandrillaris
- Immunocompromised patients - Onset of symptoms weeks to months, or even years - Grow best in upper airways of susceptible patients - Cysts resistant chlorination and drying - Trophozoite has spinelike pseudopodia but is rarely seen - Diagnosis is usually through CSF and brain tissue - Treatment includes multiple antifungal drugs with pentamidine

MedParaLec Finals (2 decks)

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