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Amphibia (class) Flashcards

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1
Q

Amphibia (class)

A
  • gymnophiona (caecilian)
  • anura (frog)
  • caudata (salamanders)
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1
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

Pedicillate + bicusp teeth
* two points on teeth (bicusp)
* tooth sits on the stalk (pedicillate)

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2
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

unique middle ear
* muscle attaches the operculum to the stapes allowing for the transfer of vibrations to a special sensory hair

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3
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

fat bodies develop from germinal ridge (gonad cells)
* used for reproduction

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4
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

two types of glands:
granular
* poison
* defense
mucous
* moisture
both on back, mucous is everywhere

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5
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

green rods in the retina
* see better in the dark

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6
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

levator bulbi muscle
* eyes - move in and out of skull

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7
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

unique respiration
* cutaneous - through skin (most species only partially)

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8
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

short straight ribs

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9
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

2 occipital condyles
* bones, skull, pointy connection

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10
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

reduction in skull bones

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11
Q

Amphibia synapomorphies

A

no true nails or claws

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12
Q

Gymnophiona (caecilians)

A
  • split ~ 200 MYA
  • Fossoral or aquatic (almost all fossorial)
  • Pantropical distribution
  • body size varies (cm-6ft)
  • diverse reproductive modes

Fossil evidence:
* from ~190 MYA
* skull identifies it as caecilian
* girdle + limbs present - not anymore

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13
Q

Gymnophiona Synapomorphies

A

Long annulated body
* ringed
* good for movement

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14
Q

Gymnophiona Synapomorphies

A

reduced/absent tail
* no vertebrae past anus

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15
Q

Gymnophiona Synapomorphies

A

Limbless - no girdles!!!!

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16
Q

Gymnophiona Synapomorphies

A

left lung reduced
* didn’t fit :/

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17
Q

Gymnophiona Synapomorphies

A

eyes reduced
* underground

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18
Q

Gymnophiona Synapomorphies

A

dermal scales
* scales in the dermis

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19
Q

Gymnophiona Synapomorphies

A

phallodeum
* penis

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20
Q

Gymnophiona Synapomorphies

A

tentacle!
* on face - like whiskers
* moveable
* chemical receptor - nonvolitale

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21
Q

Caecilidae (Gymno)

A
  • babies eat wall - mom regrows (fetal teeth)
  • central South America
  • commonish
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22
Q

Herpelidae (Gymno)

A
  • African
  • 12-15 species
  • young eat mother’s skin - regrows skin
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23
Q

Typhlonectidae (Gymno)

A
  • South America
  • aquatic - fully
  • birth 2 live babies
  • white fluttery things - rudimentary gills for few hours after birth
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24
Urodela (Salamanders)
Lots in northern hemisphere - just evolved there
25
Urodela Synapomorphies
limbs same length
26
Urodela Synapomorphies
tail
27
Urodela Synapomorphies
distinct head, neck, body
28
Urodela Synapomorphies
Distinct costal grooves * pull water on body
29
Urodela Synapomorphies
external gills in larvae
30
Urodela Synapomorphies
reduced skull but ossified
31
Urodela Synapomorphies
no middle ear
32
Urodela Synapomorphies
fertilization * internal (most) Spermatophores - stalk, sperm packet on top, female comes and picks it up
33
Urodela Synapomorphies
many retain larval traits (paedomorphosis)
34
Paedomorphosis
* retention of juvinille (larval) traits * retain gills, slits * no eyelids * larval teeth * stay aquatic
35
Salamander families
* sirenidae * cryptobranchidae * hynobiidae * dicamptodontidae * ambystomatidae * salamandridae * proteidae * rhyacotritonidae * amphiumidae * plethodontidae
36
Sirenidae (Urodela)
* SE USA * swamp * no eyelids * no backlegs (have front) * gills
37
cryptobranchidae (Urodela)
* two genera cryptobranchus - US andrius - China and Japan * fully aquatic * lack gills (cutaneous) Synapomorphies: * 1 gill slit * external fertilization * lateral skin folds (cutaneous respiration) * no eyelids
38
Hynobiidae (urodela)
* ambystoma of Asia * external fertilization * fat and burrowing
39
dicamptodontidae (urodela)
* Pacific NW * large - up to 30cm * startles predators with barks * 2-4 species
40
Ambystomatidae (urodela)
* all over US * Larges fat bodied burrowers * spermatophores * includes axolotyl
41
Salamandridae (urodela)
* major radiations in US, europe, Asia * includes some "true" salamanders as well as newts * origin of newt - an ewt (lizard) * what is a newt drier bumpier skin biphasic life cycle (half live on land, half in water * US - taricha - notophthalmus * Europe - triturus * Asia - cynops
42
Proteidae (Urodela)
Synapomorphies * gills * aquatic * large caudal fin * maxillary bones (part of upper jaw absent)
43
Rhyacotritanidae (Urodela)
* tastes good - garlic * small Synapomorphy * males have a square breeding gland
44
amphiumidae (urodela)
* swamps Synapomorphies * reduced limbs (absolutely tiny) * gill slits (pedomorphic)
45
*Plethodontidae (Urodela)*
* 100/700 species Synapomorphies * nasalabial groove from upper lip to external nare (non volitale chems like pheromones) * lungless (cutaneous, save room for more tongue, projections) Distribution: used land bridge alaska - russia to disperse
46
Anura (frogs)
* global distribution * 5000 sp * in southern hemisphere
47
Anura synapomorphies
no tail
48
Anura synapomorphies
head and trunk fused
49
Anura synapomorphies
caudal vertebrae fused into urostyle - muscle attachment and jumping
50
Anura synapomorphies
9 or less vertebrae (most 8)
51
Anura synapomorphies
hind limbs longer than fore (jumping)
52
Anura synapomorphies
Fused limb bones * tibiofibula * radioulna
53
Anura synapomorphies
functional middle ear
54
Anura synapomorphies
true larynx
55
Anura synapomorphies
tongue attached anteriorly
56
Anura synapomorphies
external fertilization
57
Anura synapomorphies
no teeth on lower jaw
58
Anura synapomorphies
tadpoles
59
Salamander larvae vs tadpoles
Salamander larvae: * external gills * 4 limbs * bony skeleton * eat inverts * true teeth Tadpoles: * internal gills (spiracle) * no limbs till metamorphasis * cartilage -> bone * eat algae * karitinized mouthparts
60
why tadpoles?
Reduce compitition with adults
61
Reproduction (Anura)
males call -> amplexus (mating) -> egg deposition (+ sperm)
62
clutch structure
varies * masses * single eggs * strings
63
Egg deposition
varies * aquatic * terrestrial * aboreal * cutaneous
64
Larval development
free living or direct development
65
Parental care
* none * nest construction * egg attendence * carry eggs/larvae * feeding larvae (unfertilized eggs)
66
Stem Batrachian fossil from the Early Permian in Texas
* first frog fossil * Gerobatrachus hitton (300 MYA) * 17 vertebrae * walker not hopper
67
Triadobatrachus (anura)
* 230 MYA * 14 vertebrae * still walker * back legs longer
68
Hylidae (anura, treefrogs)
* global Characteristics: * swollen toepads - climbing * intercalary phalange - cartilage in tip of toe to support enlarged toepad
69
Bifonidae (anura, toads)
true synapomorphies * no teeth * bidders organ - associated with testes and fatboddies in males (damage testes, bidders organ act as an ovary) * parotoid gland * most terrestrial (dryer skin) * clutch size varies * couple genea viviparous * tadpole aggregations (tadpoles huddle for warmth)
70
Atelopus (Bifonidae)
* most critically endangered * doesn't look like a toad but is, has bidders organ
71
Ranidae (anura)
* 400 species * no real synapomorphies * iconic frog * pond dwellers

vertebrate bio (2 decks)

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