Amphibians

Question 1

Approximately ________ species of living amphibians are known

Answer 1

8,100

Question 2

____________ (Anura)
____________ (Caudata)
____________ (Gymnophiona)

Answer 2

frogs and toads
newts and salamanders
caecilians

Question 3

cold-blooded vertebrates made up of frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (wormlike animals with poorly developed eyes)

Answer 3

amphibians

Question 4

from a Greek word meaning “double life”

Answer 4

amphibios

Question 5

-lack of embryonic membranes

Answer 5

anamniotes

Question 6

amphibian diversity

about ______ species in the philippines
_____ amphibian families in ____ orders (3 worldwide)
__________ largest families

Answer 6

117 species
10 amphibian in 2 orders
ceratobatrachidae

Question 7

order _________- salamanders, newts
order __________- caecilians
order ___________- frogs and toads

Answer 7

order caudata/urodela
order gymnophiona/apoda
order salientia/anura

Question 8

a long overlooked new species of fanged frog

Answer 8

Limnonectes cassiopeia

Question 9

Asian tailed caecilians belong to the family ___________ from the order Gymnophiona

Answer 9

family ichthyophidae

Question 10

In the Philippines there are only three species of ichthyophids recorded belonging to one genera:
____________

Answer 10

ichthyophis

Question 11

These caecilians are _________ and are known to follow _________ development.
The mother lays its eggs in burrows near streams or rivers and stays with the eggs until it hatches.
Once it hatches the gilled larva will crawl to the nearby stream or pond. The entire development cycle approximately takes __________ to complete.

Answer 11

oviparous; indirect development
1 whole year

Question 12

Ichthyophids are characterized by the presence of a distinct primary annuli which is divided or separated by a secondary and tertiary groove.

Answer 12

presence of a distinct primary annuli

Question 13

_____________ can be observed in the
posterior annuli but not anteriorly

Answer 13

scales

Question 14

3 species of ichthyophids:

Answer 14

Ichthyophis glandulosus (Abungabung caecilian)

Ichthyophis mindanaoensis
(Todaya caecilian)

Ichthyophis weberi
(Malatgan river caecilian)

Question 15

Family ________________
Formerly known as Discoglossidae, this family only has one representative species

Answer 15

Family Bombinatoridae

Question 16

It is a large, heavy-bodied, highly aquatic frog found in the fast-moving waters of mountain streams on the Philippine islands of Busuanga and Palawan

Answer 16

Barbourula busuangensis (Palawan flat headed frog)

Question 17

Other characterizations of barbourula busuangensis:

Answer 17

dorsoventrally flattened body shape, dorsally placed nostrils and eyes, robust and muscular hind limbs and forelimbs, and webbed digits on the forelimbs as well as the hind limbs.

This frog’s coloration is dark, appearing dark green to black. A very distinct character of members of this family is entirely adherent
tongue along its lower jaw margin

Question 18

Toads belong to the family _______________. They are characterized by having thick, warty skin and an enlarge glands in the back of its head called _____________

Answer 18

family Bufonidae; paratoid gland

Question 19

other characteristics shared within the family bufonidae:

Answer 19

They tend to hop short to escape predators rather than long leaps like frogs

presence of the Bidder’s organ, absence of teeth, absence of posterior constrictor muscles, depressor mandibulae originating from squamosal, presence of inguinal fat bodies and highly ossified skull

Question 20

7 species of family bufonidae:

Answer 20

Ansonia mcgregori (McGregor’s Toad)
Ansonia muelleri (Mueller’s toad)
Ingerophrynus philippinicus (Philippine toad)
Pelophryne albotaeniata (Palawan toadlet)
Pelophryne brevipes (Zamboanga flathead toad)
Pelophryne lighti (Eastern mindanao dwarf toad)
Rhinella marina (Cane toad)

Question 21

Forest frogs belong to this family
They are generally undergo direct
development, which is a unique
adaptation to survive water scarcity of the young ones

Answer 21

Family Ceratobatrachidae

Question 22

is the largest family among amphibians having 31 members

Answer 22

Family Ceratobatrachidae

Question 23

7 species of family ceratobatrachidae:

Answer 23

Platymantis corrugatus (Rough-backed forest frog)
Platymantis diesmosi (Mt. malinao forest frog)
Platymantis dorsalis (Dumeril’s wrinkled ground frog)
Platymantis rabori (Rabor’s forest frog)
Platymantis sierramadrensis
Platymantis spelaeus (Cave wrinkled ground frog)
Platymantis subterrestris (Luzon wrinkled ground frog)

Question 24

Frogs with forked tongue
belongs to this family.
This family was previously
p l a c e d u n d e r t h e Family
Ranidae, but genetic analysis
showed that this group should
be separated.
The family consists of 18
species in which 19 species in
5 genera are found in the
Philippines

Answer 24

Family Dicroglossidae

Question 25

6 species of family dicroglossidae:

Answer 25

Alcalus mariae Fejervarya moodiei (Crab eating frog) Fejervarya vittegera (Luzon wart frog) Limnonectes microcephalus (Giant philippine frog) Limnonectes magnus (Giant philippine frog) Limnonectes leytensis (Small disked frog)

Question 26

is a new family of frog in the Philippines, having only one member to occur, although in its native countries, members of the family are diverse

Answer 26

Family Eleutherodactylidae

Question 27

The species was introduced, although in its native countries, member of this family is known as an invasive species

Answer 27

Eleutherodactylus planirostis (Greenhouse frog)

Question 28

Cryptic frogs or litter frogs belong to the ______________. Members of this family are nocturnal and walk instead of jump because of its poor ability to jump

Answer 28

Family megophryidae

Question 29

Morphological characters that are exhibited by this family are absence of ___________ in adults, presence of intervertebral cartilages with ossified centers, a paddle like tongue, arciferal pectoral girdle with long bony sternum, sacral diapophyses expanded anterior and posteriorly, absence of palatine but with palatal process in the area

Answer 29

ceratohyals

Question 30

5 species of family megophryidae:

Answer 30

Megophrys ligayae (Palawan horned frog) Pelobatrachus stejnegeri Leptobrachium lumadorum Leptobrachium mangyanorum Leptobrachium tagbanorum

Question 31

* The Family consists of narrow-mouthed frogs. * Morphological characters of members of this family exhibits fully exposed glottis in the buccal floor of larva, absence of cornified denticles in larva, nares are not perforated in larva, ventrally divided velum in larva and two to three palatal fold in adult individuals. * Adult individuals also share similar body plan like presence of stout hind legs, globose bodies which is teardrop shaped and a short snouts. * Reproductive biology of members of this family are varied. * Some exhibit direct development and indirect development where some larva does not have mouth parts

Answer 31

Family Microhylidae

Question 32

6 species of family microhylidae:

Answer 32

Kaloula picta (Slender-digit chorus frog) Kaloula pulchra (Malaysian narrowmouth toad) Kaloula rigida (Luzon narrow mouthed frog) Kalophrynus sinensis (Philippine sticky frog) Kaloula balaeta (Smooth-fingered narrow mouthed frog) Kaloula conjuncta (Philippine narrow mouth toad)

Question 33

is the most widespread and one of the largest family of anurans which consist of true frogs. * They are usually medium to large in size, have smooth skin, and long legs with webbing between the toes. * Other members of this family exhibit dorsolateral folds or ridges. * There are no distinct characters that distinguish the family ____________ from other families which proves that this family is paraphyletic

Answer 33

Family Ranidae

Question 34

6 species of family ranidae:

Answer 34

Sanguirana tipanon (Brown and Alcala's Sierra Madre's frog) Staurois natator (Mindanao splash frog) Staurois nubilus Lithobates catesbeianus (American bullfrog) Pulcharana grandocula Pulcharana mangyanum

Question 35

This family is closely related to the Family Ranidae but is differentiated by its webbed fingers and toes, large digital pads or disks on the tips of the fingers and being arboreal. * Another characteristic of members of ____________ is large eyes with horizontal pupils. * exhibit flashy coloration as a defense mechanism against predators. * Various reproductive strategies are adapted by rhacophorids. * Examples of these strategies are usage of foam nest for egg laying, direct development and ____________ breeding which means that tadpoles are laid in tree holes

Answer 35

Family Rhacophoridae; phytothelm

Question 36

6 species of rhacophoridae:

Answer 36

Polypedates leucomystax (White-lipped tree frog) Polypedates macrotis (Brown striped tree frog) Rhacophorus bimaculatus (Mindanao-flying frog) Philautus surdus (Common forest tree frog) Philautus surrufus (Molted tree frog) Philautus worcesteri (Smooth skinned tree frog)

Question 37

10 amphibian family: IBBCDEMMRR

Answer 37

Family ichthyophidae Family bombinatoridae Family bufonidae Family ceratobatrachidae Family dicroglossidae Family eleutherodactylidae Family megophryidae Family microhylidae Family ranidae Family rhacophoridae

Question 38

External fertilization occurs; the male releases sperm on the eggs as they exit from the female’s cloaca. The male grasps the female so that his cloaca is positioned just above the female’s cloaca

Answer 38

amplexus

Question 39

identifying tadpole larva:

Answer 39

types of tadpoles skin pigmentation no. of upper and lower rows of labial teeth presence of horny beak structure of mouth and gut key for larva incomplete need to describe larva of other ph amphi

Question 40

provides parents with more control over development of offspring

Answer 40

viviparous/viviparity

Question 41

2 hypothesis of viviparous

Answer 41

cold-climate hypothesis maternal-manipulation

Question 42

caecillian reproduction:

Answer 42

§ Internal fertilization § Male organ; phalloduem § Development occurs in the oviduct

Question 43

frogs that undergo direct development:

Answer 43

Barbourula busuangensis Platymantis dorsalis

Question 44

difference between direct and indirect development

Answer 44

A direct development is a type of development in which a young is directly born as a small version of an adult and it develops into a mature individual without undergoing metamorphosis. Whereas, in indirect development, larva is hatched from the egg. Larva then metamorphosed to an adult.

Question 45

these frogs share the forest floor but isolated by calls

Answer 45

sympatric forest frogs

Question 46

on mount maquiling, 3 species of forest frogs of the genus Platymantis share the forest floor: all belong to the dorsalis group and all breed in same lowland forest but are reproductively isolated since males have diff advertisement calls to attract females

Answer 46

Platymantis mimulus Platymantis corrugatus Platymantis dorsalis

Question 47

microhabitats used by philippine amphibians

Answer 47

tree canopy and epiphytes vegetation by river forest floor leaf axils and tree holes stream bed/pools river rocks/boulders marsh or ponds

Question 48

issues on identification

Answer 48

coloration after preservation lost (document) observing intercalary cartilage, supernumery, subarticular and metacarpal tubercles on toes (difficult) identifying juveniles and larva (incomplete key) dilated pads or penultimate digits (estimating size) need to collect vouchers and proper fixing (rare frogs)

Question 49

Distinguishing characters refer to the physical features that can be used to identify and differentiate different species. In this case, the characters listed include:

Answer 49

Webs on toes: The presence or absence of webbing between toes, and the extent of webbing, can be a distinguishing feature. Supratympanic crest or fold: This refers to a ridge or fold located above the tympanum (ear drum). Cranial crest: A ridge or crest on the head. Dorsolateral fold: A fold running along the sides of the body. V-shaped or W-shaped dorsal ridges: Ridges on the back that may have a V or W shape. Dermal projections or tubercles: Small bumps or growths on the skin. Size and shape of pads or dilated disks: These features can be found on the tips of the digits. Shape of subtending phalanx: The shape of the bone underlying the finger or toe tip. Number of subarticular tubercles: These are small bumps located under the toes. Intercalary cartilage: A piece of cartilage located between two bones.

Question 50

Bio-indicators of habitat health are species that can be used to assess the quality of an environment. In this case, the following characteristics are mentioned:

Answer 50

Restricted-range island endemics: These are species that are found only in a limited geographic area, such as islands. Their presence or absence can be an indicator of habitat health. Forest dependent and limited microhabitats: Species that rely on forests and have specific habitat requirements can be sensitive to changes in their environment. Tolerant & intolerant to disturbance & pollution: Some species can tolerate disturbances or pollution, while others are more sensitive. The presence or absence of these species can provide information about the health of the habitat.