AMS - Unit 3 List 1 DNA & Heredity

Question 1

Adenine

Answer 1

a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA.

Question 1

Amino Acid

Answer 1

Amino acids are molecules that combine to form proteins.

Question 2

Antiocodon

Answer 2

a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.

Question 3

Cell Types

Answer 3

Cell types are the basic functional units of an organism. Cell types exhibit diverse phenotypic properties at multiple levels, making them challenging to define, categorize, and understand.

Question 4

Cell Differentiation

Answer 4

The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function.

Question 5

Chromosome

Answer 5

Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells

Question 6

Codon

Answer 6

a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

Question 7

Cytoplasm

Answer 7

the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.

Question 8

cytosine

Answer 8

a compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine in double-stranded DNA.

Question 9

Deoxyribose

Answer 9

a sugar derived from ribose by replacing a hydroxyl group with hydrogen.

Question 10

DNA

Answer 10

a self-replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

Question 11

Double Helix

Answer 11

Double helix, as related to genomics, is a term used to describe the physical structure of DNA. A DNA molecule is made up of two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder in a helix-like shape.

Question 12

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 12

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membrane-enclosed tubules and sacs (cisternae) that extends from the nuclear membrane throughout the cytoplasm

Question 13

Enzyme

Answer 13

a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

Question 14

Gene

Answer 14

(in informal use) a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.:

Question 14

golgi apparatus

Answer 14

A Golgi body, also known as a Golgi apparatus, is a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.

Question 14

Guanine

Answer 14

a compound that occurs in guano and fish scales, and is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with cytosine in double-stranded DNA.

Question 15

Hydrogen Bond

Answer 15

Hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules, not a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom.

Question 16

mRNA

Answer 16

mRNA—or messenger RNA—is a molecule that contains the instructions or recipe that directs the cells to make a protein using its natural machinery.

Question 17

Mutation

Answer 17

Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell.

Question 18

nitrogenous base

Answer 18

A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base

Question 19

nuclear membrane

Answer 19

The nuclear membrane is a double layer that encloses the cell’s nucleus, where the chromosomes reside.

Question 20

nucleic acid

Answer 20

Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses. A major function of nucleic acids involves the storage and expression of genomic information. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, encodes the information cells need to make proteins.

Question 21

nucleotide

Answer 21

a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.

Question 22

nucleus

Answer 22

In biology, the structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes. The nucleus has a membrane around it, and is where RNA is made from the DNA in the chromosomes.

Question 23

peptide bond

Answer 23

A peptide bond is a covalent chemical bond, which joins two amino acids by removing a water molecule (H2O) from an amino group (–NH2) of one amino acid and a carboxyl group (–COOH) of the adjacent amino acid in a polypeptide chain.

Question 24

phosphate group

Answer 24

A functional group characterized by a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms (three single bonds and one double bond).

Question 25

Polypeptides

Answer 25

a linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of (or the whole of) a protein molecule.

Question 26

protein synthesis

Answer 26

The fundamental reaction of protein synthesis is the formation of a peptide bond between the carboxyl group at the end of a growing polypeptide chain and a free amino group on an incoming amino acid.

Question 27

ribose

Answer 27

a sugar of the pentose class which occurs widely in nature as a constituent of nucleosides and several vitamins and enzymes.

Question 28

ribosome

Answer 28

a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.

Question 29

rRNA

Answer 29

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), molecule in cells that forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelle known as a ribosome and that is exported to the cytoplasm to help translate the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein.

Question 29

RNA

Answer 29

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a molecule that is present in the majority of living organisms and viruses. It is made up of nucleotides, which are ribose sugars attached to nitrogenous bases and phosphate groups. The nitrogenous bases include adenine, guanine, uracil, and cytosine.

Question 30

Start codon

Answer 30

The start codon is the position at which protein translation of the mRNA into a peptide commences.

Question 31

Stop Codon

Answer 31

A stop codon is a sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) in DNA or messenger RNA (mRNA) that signals a halt to protein synthesis in the cell.

Question 32

thymine

Answer 32

a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pyrimidine derivative, it is paired with adenine in double-stranded DNA.

Question 33

Transcription

Answer 33

In biology, the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA. This RNA copy, called messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the genetic information needed to make proteins in a cell.

Question 34

translation

Answer 34

In biology, the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA is made by copying DNA, and the information it carries tells the cell how to link amino acids together to form proteins.

Question 35

tRNA

Answer 35

Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA) is a small RNA molecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis. Transfer RNA serves as a link (or adaptor) between the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule and the growing chain of amino acids that make up a protein.

Question 36

uracil

Answer 36

a compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of RNA. In DNA its place is taken by thymine.

Question 37

vesicle

Answer 37

a small fluid-filled bladder, sac, cyst, or vacuole within the body.