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AP Human Geography > AMSCO Unit 4 Vocab > Flashcards

AMSCO Unit 4 Vocab Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Sovereignty

A

the power of a political unit, or government, to rule over its own affairs

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2
Q

State

A

the largest political unit, the formal term for a country
Four criteria
-defined boundary
-contains a permanent pop.
-maintains sovereignty
-recognized by other states

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3
Q

Nation

A

a group of people who have certain things in common
-common cultural heritage
-set of beliefs that unify them
-traditional claim to a particular space as their homeland
-a desire to establish their own state or express self-rule

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4
Q

Nation-state

A

a nation of people who fulfill the qualifications of a state
Ex. japan, France, Egypt

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5
Q

Multinational state

A

a country that contains more than one nation
Ex. US, Canada

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6
Q

Autonomous region

A

a defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state
Ex. Aland

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7
Q

Semiautonomous region

A

a state that has a degree of, but not complete self-rule

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8
Q

Stateless nation

A

a cultural group that has no independent political entity
Ex. Kurds

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9
Q

Multistate nation

A

when a nation has a state of its own but stretches across borders of other states

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10
Q

Nationalism

A

the strong feeling of patriotism and loyalty one feels toward one’s country promotes a sense of belonging, been if a country’s population is an ethnically diverse one

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11
Q

Self-determination

A

the right to choose their own sovereign government without external influence

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12
Q

Decolonization

A

the undoing of colonization, in which indigenous people reclaim sovereignty over their territory

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13
Q

Satellite states

A

a state dominated by another politically and economically

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14
Q

Devolution

A

The process in which one or more regions are given increased autonomy by the central political unit

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15
Q

Territoriality

A

a willingness by a person or a group to defend a space they claim

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16
Q

Neocolonialism

A

When economic, political, or even cultural control is exerted over developing countries

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17
Q

Chokepoint

A

a place of physical congestion between wider regions of movement and interaction

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18
Q

Physical geographic boundaries

A

natural barriers between areas such as oceans, deserts, and mountains

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19
Q

Cultural boundaries

A

divide people according to some cultural division, such as language, religion, or ethnicity

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20
Q

Antecedent boundary

A

borders that are established before there has been major settlement by people in an area
Ex. Andes Mountain

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21
Q

Subsequent boundary

A

borders that have been drawn in areas that have been settled by people, typically due to changes that have occurred over time
Ex. boundaries in Europe

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22
Q

Superimposed boundary

A

borders that are drawn over existing and accepted borders by an outside force.
Ex. Berlin Conference

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23
Q

Consequent boundary

A

Type of subsequent boundary - takes into account the existing cultural distribution of the people living in the territory and
redevelops boundary lines to more closely align with cultural boundaries.
Ex. Nunavut in Canada

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24
Q

Geometric boundary

A

Borders are established on straight lines of latitude and longitude instead of physical or cultural boundaries.
Ex. 49th parallel

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25
Relic boundary
border that no longer exists, but has left some imprint on the local cultural or environmental geography. Ex. Berlin Wall
26
Open boundary
unguarded and people can cross it easily, with little or no political intervention
27
Militarized boundary
one that is heavily guarded and discourages crossing
28
Defined boundary
established by a legal document, such as a treaty, that divides one entity from another
29
Delimited boundary
drawn on a map by a cartographer to show the limits of a space
30
Demarcated boundary
one identified by physical objects placed on the landscape
31
Administered boundary
Legal management of the border through laws, immigration regulation, documentation, and prosecution.
32
Definitional boundary dispute
when two or more parties disagree over how to interpret the legal documents or maps that identify the boundary
33
Locational (territorial) boundary dispute
boundary disputes that center on where a boundary should be, how it is delimited, or demarcated
34
Irredentism
a type of expansionism when one country seeks to annex territory where it has cultural ties to part of the population or historical claim to the land.
35
Operational (functional) boundary dispute
centers not on where a boundary is but how it functions
36
Allocational (resource) boundary dispute
when a boundary separates natural resources that may be used by both countries
37
Controlled boundary
boundaries that have checkpoints where a passport or visa is required to enter the country
38
Exclaves
territories that are part of a state, yet geographically separated from the main stage by one or more countries
39
Political enclaves
are states, territories or parts of a state or territory that are completely surrounded by the territory of another state Ex. Lesotho, Vatican City, San Marino
40
Shatterbelt
a place located between two very different and contentious regions
41
Territorial Sea
area that extends up to 12 nautical miles of sovereignty where commercial vessels may pass, but noncommercial vessels may be challenged
42
Contiguous Zone
costal states have limited sovereignty for up to 24 nautical miles where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation
43
Exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
Coastal states can explore, extract minerals and manage natural resources up to 200 nautical miles
44
High Seas
water beyond any country's EEZ that is open to all states
45
Internal boundaries
used at the subnational scale to divide countries into smaller units
46
Voting districts
internal boundaries that divide a country's electorate into subnational regions
47
Census
a count of the population, every 10 years, to ensure the national congressional districts have approximately the same number of people
48
Reapportionment
changing the number of representatives granted to each state so it reflects the state's population
49
Redistricting
when state legislatures or state committees then redraw district boundaries so that each district contains roughly the same number of people
50
Gerrymandering
the drawing of boundaries for political districts by the party in power to protect or increase its power
51
Cracking
dispersing a group into several districts to prevent a majority
52
Packing
combing like-minded voters into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts
53
Stacking
diluting a minority-populated district with majority populations
54
Hijacking
redrawing two districts in order to force two elected representatives of the same party to run against each other
55
Kidnapping
moving an area where an elected representative has support to an area where he or she does not have support
56
Federal state
unites separates political entities into an overarching system that allows each entity to maintain some degree of sovereignty
57
Unitary State
most or all of the governing power is held by the national government
58
Annexation
the process of legal adding territory to a city
59
Ethnic Separatism
the advocacy of full political separating from the larger group along cultural, ethnic, tribal, or government lines
60
Ethnic cleansing
a purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent or terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or regions group from certain geographic areas
61
Terrorism
organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets to create fear for the advancement of political goals. Most commonly used by NGOs (non-governmental organizations)
62
Subnationalism
described people who have a primary allegiance to a traditional group or ethnicity
63
Balkanization
the fragmentation of a state or region into smaller, often hostile, units along ethnolinguistic lines
64
Globalization
the integration of markets, states, communication, and trade on a worldwide scale
65
Supranationalism
the practice of multiple countries forming an organization for the benefit of all members
66
Transnational corporations
companies that conduct business on a global scale, have dramatically weekend state sovereignty. Ex. Telsa, Apple, McDonalds
67
Democratization
the transition from autocratic to more representative forms of politics Simple: the transition from other forms of government to a more democratic one
68
Time-space compression
the social and psychological effects of faster movement of info over space in shorter period of time
69
Regionalism
when loyalty to a district portion of a country is more important than loyalty to the entire country
70
Ethnonationalism
a type of nationalism wherein the nation and nationality are defined in terms of ethnicity

AP Human Geography (5 decks)

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