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[ ESA 3- Infection and Immunity > An Infection Model > Flashcards

An Infection Model Flashcards

1
Q

What does an infection model allow for?

A

A simplistic look at the progress of most infections

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2
Q

What does an infection model show?

A

How someone acquires an infection and what happens if they get one

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3
Q

What is the infection model?

A

The interaction between pathogen and patient leads to infection.
Infection → management → Outcome

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4
Q

What are the classes of pathogens causing disease?

A

Virus
Bacterium
Fungus
Parasite

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5
Q

What are the classes of fungi?

A

Yeast

Moulds

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6
Q

What are the classes of parasites?

A

Protozoa

Helminth

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7
Q

What is the type and severity of an infection often influenced by?

A

Specific characteristics concerning the patient and their lifestyle

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8
Q

What person factors can influence the outcome of infection?

A 
Age
Gender
Physiological state
Pathological state
Social factors
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9
Q

Why does age influence the type or severity of infection?

A

As age changes, so does the risk of acquiring particular infections

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10
Q

Give an example of age changing the risk of acquiring particular infections

A

Newborns are prone to developing meningitis infections from E. Coli
At 3 months - 3 years, they are more likely to develop streptococci meningitis
There is increased risk developing meningitis again in the late teens

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11
Q

Why are elderly patients at increased risk of infection?

A

In elderly patients, there is more chance of co-morbidities, increasing the risk of infection

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12
Q

Why does gender influence infection?

A

Some infections are more common in one gender than the other

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13
Q

Give an example of a infection that is more common in one gender than the other

A

UTIs are more common in women than men

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14
Q

Why are UTIs more common in women?

A

Due to the anatomically different positions of the anus and the urethral opening

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15
Q

How can physiological state affect infection?

A

Changes in physiological state, especially hormone levels, can put a person at more risk of infection

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16
Q

Give two examples of when physiological state can change the risk of infection

A

Pregnancy

Different stages of the menstrual cycle

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17
Q

What effect does pregnancy have on infection?

A

During pregnancy, there are hormone changes that put women at risk of infection

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18
Q

What effect does different stages of menstrual cycle have on infection?

A

During different stages of the menstrual cycle of pH of the vagina can become raised allowed overgrowth of candida (thrush)

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19
Q

How can pathological state affect infection?

A

Some pathologies can cause people to become immunocompromised
Medical treatments due to other pathologies can increase the chance on infection

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20
Q

What pathologies can cause people to become immunocompromised?

A

AIDS

Genetic disorders

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21
Q

Give an example of a genetic disorder that can cause immunocompromisation

A

Complement deficiencies

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22
Q

What medical treatments can increase the chance of infection?

A

Chemotherapy
Immunosuppressants
Catheters
Surgery

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23
Q

Why does chemotherapy and immunosuppressants increase the risk of infection?

A

Cause the patient to become immunocompromised (obvs the answers in the name lol)

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24
Q

Why do catheters increase the risk of infection?

A

They breach the primary immune system and can allow the skin commensals to become pathogenic

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25
Q

Give an example of an infection that can occur as a result of a catheter

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis can cause endocarditis

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26
Q

How can surgery increase the risk of infection?

A

Can allow infectious agents to bypass the body’s primary immune system

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27
Q

How can social factors affect the risk of infection?

A

Poor social and living conditions are associated with increase risk of infection

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28
Q

Give an example of a social factor that can increase the risk of infection

A

Children in nurseries often have dirty hands, so when one child has an infection, it often spreads to other children and the parents

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29
Q

In what ways can time be considered when looking at infection?

A

Calendar time

Relative time

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30
Q

Give an example of where calendar time can affect infection

A

Flu and norovirus infections are more common in winter

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31
Q

What is meant by relative time in infection?

A

Time relative to other cases

32
Q

Give an example of an infection where relative time is important to consider

A

Chickenpox

33
Q

When is relative time regarding infection useful?

A

When trying to diagnose

34
Q

In what way can place be considered when looking at infection?

A

Current

Recent

35
Q

Why is the current place important when considering infection?

A

Environment can affect nutrition and diet

Infections can spread in hospitals if infection control is poor

36
Q

Why is it important to ask patients about recent locations?

A

Must know about recent travel as some infections are more prevalent in some countries than others, which may help identify the cause of infection

37
Q

What does the mechanism of infection vary depending on?

A

The type of infection

38
Q

What are the potential mechanisms of infection?

A 
Contiguous (direct) spread
Inoculation 
Haematogenous 
Ingestion 
Inhalation 
Vector
Vertical transmission
39
Q

What is meant by contiguous spread?

A

From one part of the body to another

40
Q

What should be sterile in the body?

A

Anything under the skin, including the blood

41
Q

Give an example of when inoculation with infection could occur

A

During surgery

42
Q

What is haematogenous spread?

A

Any spread through the bloodstream

43
Q

What happens in ingestion of an infectious agent?

A

Eating or drinking of contaminated items

44
Q

What is ingestion of pathogenic organisms often part of?

A

Fecal-oral transmission

45
Q

What happens in inhalation of pathogenic organisms?

A

Breathing in droplets or aerosols

46
Q

Where is vector transmission important?

A

Worldwide in the spread of malaria, and more recently the Zika virus

47
Q

Why is vector transmission of less concern in the UK?

A

It is not very common

48
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

Transmission from mother to infant

49
Q

How can vertical transmission occur?

A

Can be transmitted across placenta
From vagina if membranes are broken
At time of delivery

50
Q

What do the symptoms of infection occur due to?

A

A complex interaction of a range of factors

51
Q

What factors interact to determine the symptoms of an infection?

A

Attachment can lead to toxin production and interaction with host defences.
Interaction with host defences can lead to inflammation.
Inflammation, interaction with host defences, and toxin production can lead to host damage

52
Q

What are the types of toxins produced by bacteria?

A

Exotoxins

Endotoxins

53
Q

What releases exotoxins?

A

Bacteria

54
Q

What do exotoxins do?

A

Released into environment to aid reproduction

55
Q

When are endotoxins produced?

A

When bacteria break down

56
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

A component of the cell wall of gram -ve bacteria

57
Q

What can host damage occur due to in infection?

A

Directly due to microbe actions

Indirectly via damaging inflammatory responses

58
Q

What will management of a patient vary depending on?

A

Location
Severity
Causative agent of an infection

59
Q

What does management of an infection consist of?

A

Diagnosis
Treatment
Infection prevention

60
Q

What does diagnosis of an infection consist of?

A

History
Examination
Investigations

61
Q

What is the purpose of diagnosis of an infection?

A

Where the infection is

What caused the infection

62
Q

What are the categories of treatment for infection?

A

Specific treatments

Supportive treatments

63
Q

What are the specific treatments of infection?

A

Antimicrobials

Surgery

64
Q

What are the categories of antimicrobials?

A

Antibiotics
Antifungals
Antivirals

65
Q

Why may surgery be required in the treatment of infection?

A

Remove necrotic tissue from an abscess
Drainage
Debridement
Dead space removal

66
Q

Give an example of when drainage would be required in infection

A

Chest drain of pus in pleural space

67
Q

What happens in debridement?

A

Cut away infected tissue

68
Q

Give an example of an infection where debridement may be required

A

Necrotising fasciitis

69
Q

What is the problem with debridement surgery?

A

It can be mutilating

70
Q

Why is dead space removal sometimes required in infection?

A

Removes space for bacteria to divide into

71
Q

Why is the use of surgery in infection management decreasing?

A

Some of the things that used to be treated with surgery can now be treated with drugs

72
Q

What are the supportive treatments for infection?

A

Symptom relief

Physiological restoration

73
Q

What symptom relief can be given in infection?

A

Pain relief

Antipyretics

74
Q

Give an example of where physiological restoration is very important in infection

A

Septic shock

75
Q

Where can infection prevention take place?

A

Hospital

Community

76
Q

What are the potential outcomes of infections?

A

Cure
Chronic infection, with or without a disability
Death

[ ESA 3- Infection and Immunity (15 decks)

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