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Chemical, Cellular, and Tissue Biology > An Intro To The Human Body > Flashcards

An Intro To The Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomy VS Physiology

A

anatomy is the study of structure whereas physiology is the study of how body parts function

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2
Q

Embryology is the study of

A

the first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg.

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3
Q

Developmental biology is the study of

A

the complete development of an individual from fertilization to death

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4
Q

Cell biology is the study of

A

cellular structure and functions

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5
Q

Histology is the study of

A

microscopic structure of tissues

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6
Q

Gross anatomy is the study of

A

structure that can be examined without a microscope

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7
Q

Systemic anatomy is the study of

A

structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems

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8
Q

Regional anatomy is the study of

A

specific regions of the body such as the head or the chest

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9
Q

Surface anatomy is the study of

A

surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation

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10
Q

Imaging anatomy is the study of

A

internal body structure that can be visualized with techniques such as X-rays, MRI, CT scan, and other technologies for clinical analysis and medical intervention

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11
Q

Pathological anatomy is the study of

A

structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease

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12
Q

Molecular physiology is the study of

A

functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA

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13
Q

Neurophysiology is the study of

A

functional properties of nerve cells

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14
Q

Endocrinology is the study of

A

hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body function

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15
Q

Cardiovascular physiology is the study of

A

functions of the heart and the blood vessels

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16
Q

Immunology is the study of

A

the body’s defenses against disease-causing agents

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17
Q

Respiratory physiology is the study of

A

functions of the air passageways and lungs

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18
Q

Renal physiology

A

function of the kidney

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19
Q

Exercise physiology is the study of

A

changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity

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20
Q

Pathophysiology is the study of

A

functional changes associated with disease and aging

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21
Q

Level of Structural Organization

A
  1. chemical level
  2. cellular level
  3. tissue level
  4. organ level
  5. system level
  6. organismal level
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22
Q

The Components of the Integumentary System

A

skin, and associated structures such as hair, fingernails, and toenails, sweat gland and oil gland

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23
Q

The Functions of the Integumentary System

A

protects the body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold; stores fat and provide insulation

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24
Q

The Components of the Skeletal System

A

bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages

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25
The Functions of the Skeletal System
supports and protects the body; provides surface area for the muscle attachments; aids body movement; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids.
26
The Components of the Muscular System
skeletal muscle tissue-muscle usually attached to bones (other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac)
27
Functions of the Muscular System
participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat
28
Components of the Nervous System
brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs such as eyes and ears
29
Functions of the Nervous System
generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in the body's internal and external environment, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions and glandular secretion
30
Components of the Endocrine System
hormone-producing glands, pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary glands, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, and testes and hormone-producing cells in several other organs
31
Functions of the Endocrine System
regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to target organ)
32
Components of the Cardiovascular System
blood, heart, and blood vessels
33
Functions of the Cardiovascular System
the heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-bases balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels
34
Components of the Lymphatic System and Immunity
lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells and others)
35
Function of the Lymphatic System and Immunity
returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from the gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes
36
Components of the Respiratory System
lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx(throat), larynx(voice box) trachea(windpipe) and bronchial tubes leading into and out of the lungs
37
Functions of the Respiratory System
transfer oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to exhaled air; help regulate the acid-base balance of body fluid; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds.
38
Components of the Digestive System
organ of the gastrointestinal tract, a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx(throat), esophagus(food tube), stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also includes accessory organs that assist in the digestive processes such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
39
Functions of the Digestive System
achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes
40
Components of the Urinary System
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
41
Function of the Urinary System
produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells
42
Components of the Reproductive System
gonads (testes in males and ovaries in women) and associated organs (uterine tubes or fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary gland in females and epididymis, ductus or vas, deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis in males)
43
Function of the Reproductive System
gonads produce gametes(sperm and oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and stores gametes: mammary glands produce milk
44
What is the Basic Life Processes
all living things have certain characteristics that distinguish them from nonliving things life processes in humans include metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction
45
What is Homeostasis
homeostasis is a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body's internal environment homeostasis is maintained by the body's regulatory processes
46
Body Fluids & Homeostasis
the survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of their surrounding fluid this fluid is known as extracellular fluid
47
What Causes Imbalance in Homeostasis
homeostasis imbalances occur because of disruption from external or internal environments
48
What happens When There is an Homeostatic Imbalances
when disrupted it may result in disease, disorder, or even death factors such as your genetic make-up, the air you breathe, the food you eat, and the thoughts you think can all affect your health
49
What is the Body Positions
anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical reference a person stands erect, facing the observer, the upper extremities are placed at the sides, and the palms of the hands are turned forward, and feet are flat on the flood
50
What are Directional Terms
directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another
51
What is Superior
towards the head, or upper part of a structure
52
What is Inferior
away from the head, or lower part of a structure
53
What is Anterior
Nearer to or at the front of the body
54
What is Posterior
nearer to or at the back of the body
55
What is Medial
nearer to the midline (an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides)
56
What is Lateral
farther from the midline
57
What is Ipsilateral
on the same side of the body as another structure
58
What is Contralateral
on the opposite side of the body from another structure
59
What is Proximal
nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; father from the origination of a structure
60
What is Distal
farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; father from the origination of a structure
61
What is Superficial
toward or on the surface of the body
62
What is Deep
away from the surface of the body
63
What are Planes
planes are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body
64
What is a Frontal plane
divides the body in half
65
What is the Parasagittal Plane
unequal left and right sides
66
What is the Transverse Plane
body divided in half horizontally
67
What is the Midsagittal Plane
divides the body into qual left and right sides
68
What is an Oblique Plane
divides at an angle
69
What are Body Cavities
body cavities are spaces within the body that helps protect, separate, and support internal organs
70
Cranial Cavities
formed by cranial bones and contains brain
71
Vertebral Canal
formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
72
Thoracic Cavity
contains pleural and pericardial cavities an the mediastinum
73
Pleural Cavity
a potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds the lungs
74
Pericardium Cavity
a potential space between the layers of pericardium that surrounds the heart
75
Mediastinum
the central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from the sternum to vertebral columns and from the first rib to the diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
76
Abdomonipelvic Cavity
subdivides into abdominal and pelvic cavities
77
Abdominal Cavity
contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine; the serous membrane of the cavity is the peritoneum
78
Pelvic Cavity
contains urinary bladder, portion of large intestine, and internal organ of reproduction
79
What is the Serous Membranes
serous membranes are thin, double-layered membranes that cover the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also line the walls of the thorax and abdomen visceral layer parietal layer serous membranes reduce friction
80
Serous Membranes in the Abdominal Cavity
the peritoneum covers many of the abdominal organs retroperitoneal the classification some organs are given because they are not surrounded by the peritoneum, rather, they are posterior to it
81
What are the Six Region
right hypochondriac region right lumbar region right inguinal region epigastric region umbilical region hypogastric region left hypochondriac region left lumbar region left inguinal region
82
What are the 4 Quadrant
right upper quadrant right lower quadrant left upper quadrant left lower quadrant
83
What is the Medical Imaging
medical imaging involves techniques that allow physicians to view images of the human body this allows physicians to diagnose anatomical and physiological abnormalities

Chemical, Cellular, and Tissue Biology (4 decks)

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