An Introduction To Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards by Keyi G

Anatomy

Structures of the body (what, where, associated structures)

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Physiology

Functions of anatomical structures

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Gross Anatomy

Macroscopic anatomy, examines large and visible structures

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Surface Anatomy

Exterior features

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Regional anatomy

Body areas

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Sectional anatomy

Cross sections, imaging (CT, MRI, PET)

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Systemic anatomy

Organ systems

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Clinical anatomy

Medical specialties

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Developmental anatomy

From conception to adulthood, including embryologu

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Microscopic anatomy

Examines cells and molecules

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Cytology

Study of cells

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Histology

Study of tissues

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Cell physiology

Function of cells

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Organ physiology

Function of specific organs

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Systemic physiology

Functions of organ systems

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Pathological physiology

Effects of diseases on organs or systems

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Chemical level of organization: Atoms

Smallest stable unit of matter

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Chemical level of organization: molecules

Groups of atoms

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Cellular level of organization: cells

Smallest living units in body

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Tissue level

Group of cells working together

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Organ level

Two or more tissues working together

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Organ system level

Group of interacting organs

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Organism level

Individual life form

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Integumentary

Skin, hair, sweat glands, nails

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Skeletal

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, bone marrow

Nervous

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sensory organs

Endocrine

Pituitary gland, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, gonads

Cardiovascular

Heart, blood, blood vessels

Surface anatomy

Locating structures on or near the body surface

Anatomical position

Hands at sides, palms forward

Supine

Lying down, facing up

Prone

Lying down, face down

Front

Posterior

Back

Cranial

Skull

Facial

Face

Oral

Mouth

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

Arm

Antecubital

Front of elbow

Abdominopelvic quadrants

Abdomen to pelvic

RUQ

Right Upper Quadrant

RLQ

Right lower quadrant

Left upper quadrant

LUQ

Left lower quadrant

LLQ

Proximal

Towards point of attachment of limb to trunk

Ex of proximal description

The shoulder is proximal to wrist

Distal

Away from the point if attachment to the trunk

Distal example

Fingers are distal to the wrist

Lateral

Away from the midline

Lateral example

The hand is lateral from the belly button

Medial

Towards the midline

Ventral

Dorsal

Posterior

Cranial (cephalic)

Towards the head

Superficial

On surface

Deep

Towards interior

Sectional plane

Single view along a 2D flat surface

Frontal (coronal) plane

Vertical plan that divides body into anterior and posterior (parallel to long axis)

Sectional plane examples

Frontal plane, sagittal plane, transverse

Frontal (coronal) plane example

Hit corona beer over head

Sagittal plane

Separates left and right (slice sword vertically)

Transverse plane mnemonic

Sliced in half at hip

Transverse plane

Divides body into superior and inferior (perpendicular to long axis)

Transverse section

Cut in transverse plane

Superior

Towards head

Inferior

Away from head

Body cavities functions

1. Protect organ from shock and impact | 2. Permit significant change in size and shape of internal organs

Ventral body cavity

Coelem

Diaphragm

Divides ventral body cavity

Ventral body cavity consists of

Thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity

Viscera

Internal organs in body cavities

Serous membrane (serisa)

Lines body cavities and covers organs

Serous membrane contains

Two layers

Parietal serosa

Layer that lines cavity

Visceral serosa

Covers organ

Peritoneal cavity

Chamber within abdominopelvic cavity

Parietal peritoneum

Lines internal body wall in perioneal cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

Perioneal cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity

Visceral peritoneum

Covers the organs in peritoneal cavity

Pelvic cavity location

Inferior portion of abdominopelvic cavity, medial to pelvic bones

Pelvic cavity contains

Reproductive organs, rectum, bladder

Homeostasis

Regulation of body for stable internal environment

Autoregulation

Automatic response in cell, tissue, or organ to an environmental change

Autoregulation ex

Heart running

Extrinsic regulation

Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

Extrinsic regulation ex

Brain provides input

Homeostasis: receptor

Receives the stimuls

Receptor ex

Hypothalamus

Homeostasis: control center

Processes signal and sends instructions

Homeostasis: Effector

Carries out instructions

Effector ex

Sweat glands

Negative feedback

Body brought back to homeostasis, effector negates stimulus to maintain normal range

Positive feedback

Initial stimulus produces response that amplifies original change, moved away from homeostasis

Positive feedback loop

Completes a dangerous process quickly to reestablish homeostasis

Dynamic equilibrium

Homeostasis, continual adaption

An Introduction To Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

(96 cards)