An introduction to movement

Question 1

Navigation

Answer 1

How do animals know where to go?

Question 2

Migration

Answer 2

How far do animals go? The relationship between body size and migration profitability

Question 3

Power and speed

Answer 3

how fast should animals move?

Question 4

Energetics

Answer 4

how energetics affect route choice (i) on land, (ii) in fluids

Question 5

Community effects

Answer 5

low-cost movement options can affect population level processes

Question 6

Risk

Answer 6

The effect of predators of predators, aggressors and risk of injury

Question 7

Home range

Answer 7

what determines this?

Question 8

What three main concepts influence animal movement?

Answer 8

time: migration

energy: power and speed, energetics, community effects

risk: risk

Question 9

an example of why movement matters?

Answer 9

pollination - ecosystem services

Question 10

Consequences (i) Nutrient distribution
1. what occurs?
2. (Wakefield et al., 2013)

Answer 10

1. moving and eating then coming back to home range and defecating
2. (Wakefield et al., 2013) - tracking gannets - consuming fish further out and then bringing back to colony or defecating when back

Question 11

(Steibl et al., 2024)
Seabirds as major nutrient pumps
1. what are atolls?
2. how many seabirds nest on atolls?
3. what was modelled?
4. seabirds foraging and depositing?

Answer 11

1. atolls are breeding sites for 37 seabird species, ranging from a few dozen to more than 3 million individuals per atoll
2. > 30 million seabirds nest on atolls (~25% of all tropical seabirds)
3. modelled seabird distribution and nutrient deposition on all Indo-Pacific atolls
4. seabirds forage > 10,000-100,000 km2 around an atoll and deposit, on average, 65,000 kg N and 11,000 kg P per atoll per year - acting as major nutrient pumps within the tropical Indo-Pacific

Question 12

1. how does anthropogenic nutrients affect coral resistance and recovery?
2. (Benkwitt et al., 2023)
   what experimental approach was used?
   what occurred when corals were transplanted from rat to seabird islands?
   what did seabird-derived nutrients cause?
   what were seabirds associated with?

Answer 12

1. anthropogenic nutrients reduce coral resistance and recovery
2. (Benkwitt et al., 2023)
   - an experimental approach to test seabird nutrient impact, transplanting corals between islands.
   - corals transplanted from rat to seabird islands quickly assimilated seabird-derived nutrients
   - seabird-derived nutrients caused doubled coral growth rates within individual corals and across entire reefs
   - seabirds were associated with better recovery trajectories of entire benthic communities

Question 13

(Appoo et al., 2024)
Consequences (i) Nutrient distribution

flow diagram explanation about seabird deposition …

Answer 13

seabird guano deposition -> mangrove nutrient uptake and cycling -> mangrove ecosystem nutrient transfer -> tidal nutrient export

Question 14

Consequences (ii) Disease
(Kilpatrick et al., 2006)
1. how is the spread of many diseases modelled?

2. how many H5N1 introductions in Asia were most likely through migrating birds?
3. how many introductions were through migratory birds in Europe?

Answer 14

1. spread of many diseases = modelled via movements of their hosts
2. 3/21 H5N1 introductions in Asia were most likely through migrating birds
3. In Europe 20/23 introductions were through migratory birds

Question 15

Consequences (iii) Population structure
1. what can affect the geography of gene flow?
2. American black bears?

Answer 15

1. structure and use of movement paths can affect the geography of gene flow
2. American black bears - impact of infrastructure e.g. buildings and roads

Question 16

Consequences (iv) Management implications
1. predict the location and importance of…?

2. what have radar studies shown?
3. what do some species damage?
4. what are the global agricultural losses caused by Old World bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)?

Answer 16

1. predict the location and importance of movement corridors
2. radar studies show 10 - 240 million Noctuid moths migrate to UK each spring
3. some species damage crop leaves, stems and fruits
4. Old World bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) causes global agricultural losses exceeding US$2 billion annually

Question 17

what is movement ecology?

Answer 17

study of the causes, patterns, mechanisms, and consequences of organismal movement

Question 18

why move?
1. ultimate?
2. proximate?

Answer 18

1. ultimate: fitness, learning
2. proximate: if individual needs are not met in the current location

Question 19

examples of what decreases with time - which leads to the need for movement?

Answer 19

blood sugar, body water, escape capacity

Question 20

PROXIMATE drivers of movement

Answer 20

• food (searching, prey capture, prey handling)
• physiological imbalance e.g. over-heating
• predator avoidance
• territory defence etc.

Question 21

What does animal movement depend on?

Answer 21

why they are moving
- elephants seem to walk differently when moving towards or away from food

their internal state
- cockroaches were infected with fungal pathogen and walking behaviour post infection was displayed on 3 graphs (day 1, day 4, day 7) - heave accn decreased - walking slowed

Question 22

(Morelle et al., 2023)
1. what occurs when Wild boars are infected?

2. daily reduction in activity from healthy to infected?
3. what can monitoring movement allow for the early detection of?

Answer 22

1. reduced activity
2. daily reduction in activity of 10-20% from healthy to infected
3. monitoring movement could allow early detection of disease

Question 23

if animals move for the same reason, will they move in the same way?

Answer 23

morphology affects the need for movement, movement costs and movement choices

Question 24

External factors (i): The physical environment
1. what can habitats also be seen as?

Answer 24

1. as a collection of spaces that animals have become specialised to moving within

Question 25

(Cozzi, 2013) External factors (ii): Other organisms 1. why do wild dogs and lions not have the same home range?

Answer 25

lions hunt wild dogs - animal movement in different areas presented by diagrams

Question 26

Access to movement data Eulerian approach: Generally place-based 1. what does it focus on? 2. why is this important? 3. example?

Answer 26

1. focuses on the probability of an individual's occurrence (or population density) at any given point 2. important if you want to know which space to protect 3. e.g. Kernel density estimators (use positions of non-dispersing animals to build up probability density function)

Question 27

Access to movement data Lagrangian approach: Individual-based 1. what does it do? 2. example?

Answer 27

1. quantifies movement of individuals e.g. tags with many sensors 2. e.g. modelling wind-borne movements of individuals