ANA 212 Flashcards

Question

Characteristics of anthropoid shape

Answer 1

Common in taller woman and results in less labor complications

Answer 2

Associated with obstructed labor

Answer 3

Right and let hip bone Sacrum Coccyx

Answer 4

•Formed by the funnel shaped pelvic diaphragm – consists of the levator ani and coccygeus muscles and their fascia •Stretches between the pubis anteriorly and the coccyx posteriorly and from one lateral pelvic wall to the other

Answer 5

To separate the pelvic cavity from the perineum

Answer 6

Allows urogenital apparatus to pass through the pelvic floor into the perenium Male: passage of the urethra Female: passage of the urethra and vagina

Answer 7

it is a hollow musculomembranous sac which acts as a reservoir for the urine urine enters the bladder via ureters and exits the bladder via the urethra

Answer 8

When "Empty" , the adult urinary bladder is located in the "Lesser pelvis" While in the lesser pelvis it lies behind the pubic bones. As the bladder fills it enters the "Greater Pelvis" In some individuals, a full bladder may ascend to the level of the "Umbilicus". In infants and young children, the urinary bladder is in the abdomen even when empty. The Bladder usually enters the Greater Pelvis by 6 Years of age. it is not located entirely within the lesser pelvis until after puberty At the end of micturition (urination) the bladder of a normal adult contains virtually no urine When empty, the bladder is somewhat tetrahedral

Answer 9

Apex Body Fundus/ base Neck

Answer 10

1. detrusor muscle: The chief/main muscle of the bladder 2. internal urethral sphincter : found in the neck of the bladder leading into the urethra and contracts the internal urethra orifice during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation (ejaculatory reflux) of semen into the bladder regulates involuntary control of urine flow from the bladder to the urethra 3. External urethral sphincter

Answer 11

This TRIGONE is formed by three openings 2 of these openings are from the ureters and form the base of the trigone Small flaps of mucosa cover these openings and act as valves that allow urine to enter the bladder but prevent it from backing up from the bladder into the ureters The 3rd opening, at the apex of the trigone, is the opening into the urethra A band of the detrusor muscle encircles this opening to form the internal urethral sphincter.

Answer 12

The interior of the bladder is lined with transitional epithelium which is thrown into folds in the empty bladder, except for the smooth triangular area of the base called trigone

Answer 13

Branches of internal iliac arteries Superior vesical arteries supply anterosuperior parts of the bladder. In males, inferior vesical arteries supply the fundus and neck of the bladder. In females, vaginal arteries replace the inferior vesical arteries and send small branches to posteroinferior parts of the bladder Obturator and inferior gluteal arteries also supply small branches to the bladder

Answer 14

Venous drainage The veins draining from the bladder correspond to the arteries and are tributaries of internal iliac veins Veins from the Vesical venous plexus drain into the internal iliac veins

Answer 15

In both sexes lymphatic vessels leave: the superior surface of the bladder drains into the External iliac lymph nodes Those from fundus drains into the Internal iliac lymph nodes neck of bladder drain into the "Sacral" or "Common iliac lymph nodes".

Answer 16

Cystocele (Hernia of the Bladder) Rupture of the Bladder

Answer 17

Cystocele (Hernia of the Bladder) Loss of bladder support in females by damage to the perineal muscles or their associated fascia/pelvic floor can result in herniation of the bladder into the vaginal wall A cystocele may also result from prolapse of pelvic viscera secondary to injury to the pelvic floor during childbirth

Answer 18

Because of the superior position of the distended bladder, it may be ruptured by injuries to the inferior part of the anterior abdominal wall or by fractures of the pelvis. The rupture may result in the escape of urine extraperitoneally or intraperitoneally. Rupture of the superior part of the bladder frequently tears the peritoneum, resulting in extravasation (passage) of urine into the peritoneal cavity. Posterior rupture of the bladder usually results in passage of urine extraperitoneally into the perineum

Answer 19

The female urethra The urethra extends from the neck of the bladder to the vulva approx 3-5 cm long and 6 mm in diameter It is exclusively urinary Urethral glands are present, particularly in its superior part; the paraurethral glands are homologues to the prostate. Enters deep pouch where it is surrounded by sphincter urethra, also called external sphincter of the bladder Urethra is supported by the fascia of the pelvic floor including pubovesical and pubocervical ligaments If this support is insufficient, the urethra can move downwards

Answer 20

In times of increased abdominal pressure resulting in stress urinary incontinence (SUI) The physical changes that can occur during pregnancy, delivery and menopause can predispose to SUI

Answer 21

1. Loops of the small intestine. 2. Sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal. 3. Urinary bladder, lower part of the ureters, and urethra 4. Reproductive organs: (a) Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and ejaculatory ducts in male. (b) Uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries, and vagina in female Walls and floor of the pelvic cavity

Answer 22

An antero-inferior wall, two lateral walls, a posterior wall a floor

Answer 23

is formed primarily by the bodies and rami of the pubic bones and the pubic symphysis participates in bearing the weight of the urinary bladder

Answer 24

Lateral Pelvic Walls are formed by the right and left hip bones, each of these hip bones has an obturator foramen closed by an obturator membrane The fleshy attachments of the obturator internus muscles cover and thus pad most of the lateral pelvic walls

Answer 25

The posterior pelvic wall consists of: a bony wall (ilium) roof in the midline (formed by the sacrum and coccyx) ligaments associated with the sacroiliac joints and piriformis muscles The ligaments include the anterior sacro-iliac ligament Sacrospinous ligament sacrotuberous ligament

Answer 26

Micturition or urination is the process of expelling urine from the bladder. This act is also known as voiding of the bladder

Answer 27

500ml in women 700ml in men But we feel the urge to go at about 200-300ml

Answer 28

The urinary bladder has two distinct stages or phases: Resting or filling stage Voiding stage

Answer 29

Resting/filling stage It is in this phase of the bladder that the urine is transported from the kidneys via the ureters into the bladder The oblique nature of opening prevents the urine from re-entering the ureters. At the same time, the main muscle of the urinary bladder, the detrusor muscle, is relaxing allowing the bladder to distend and accommodate more urine.

Answer 30

Voiding stage The detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder which was relaxing so far starts to contract once the bladder’s storage capacity is reached. The urethra is controlled by two sets of muscles: The internal and external urethral sphincters. The internal sphincter is a smooth muscle whereas the external one is skeletal. Both these sphincters are in a contracted state during the filling stage.

Answer 31

The pubovesical ligament is the continuation of the detrusor muscle and the adventitia surrounding the urinary bladder. It connects the urinary bladder to the pubis and to the tendinous arch of the pelvic fascia.It may also integrate fibres from the proximal side of the prostate in men.

Answer 32

A fibromuscular tube that extends from the cervix to the vulva and is between 8-10cm

Answer 33

Serves as a canal for menstrual fluid. Forms the inferior part of the pelvic (birth) canal. Receives the penis and ejaculate during sexual intercourse. Communicates superiorly with the cervical canal, and inferiorly with the vestibule The cervical canal extends from the isthmus of the uterus to the external os (opening) of the uterus

Answer 34

pubovaginalis external urethral sphincter urethrovaginal sphincter bulbospongiosus

Answer 35

Lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium. The vagina service being kept moist

Answer 36

The pudendal canal (also called Alcock's canal) is an anatomical structure in the pelvis through which the internal pudendal artery, internal pudendal veins, and the pudendal nerve pass.

Answer 37

Internal pudendal artery. Internal pudendal veins. Pudendal nerve Perineal nerve Labial nerve Dorsal nerve of the clitoris Inferior rectal nerve

Answer 38

Pudendal nerve entrapment can occur when the pudendal nerve is compressed while it passes through the pudendal canal whcih causes chronic pain and results in genito-anal numbness, fecal and/or urinary incontinence, burning pain in the perineal or genital area AKA Alcock's syndrome

Answer 39

Uterine arteries Vaginal arteries Internal pudendal arteries Vagina venous drainage Internal pudendal veins

Answer 40

Found in the lower lateral wall of the ischiorectal fossa Formed by the obturator fascia

Answer 41

Lies inferior to the pelvic outlet and is separated from the pelvic cavity by the pelvic diaphragm (Levator ani and coccygeus muscles) ●Bounded by Pubic symphysis anteriorly; inferior pubic rami and ischial rami anterolaterally; ischial tuberosity laterally; sacrotuberous ligament posterolaterally; inferiorly by sacrum and coccyx

Answer 42

Two Triangles •Anal triangle (posterior) contains the anal canal and 2 ischiorectal fossae •Urogenital triangle (anterior) contains the root of the scrotum and penis in males or the external genitalia in females ●The perineal membrane stretches between the two sides of the pubic arch and covers the anterior part of the outlet ●The perineal body is an irregular fibromuscular mass located between the anal canal and the perineal membrane

Answer 43

F O: central tendon of perineum, M O: central tendon of perineum and bulb of penis; F I: dorsum of clitoris, urogenital diaphragm, M I: root of penis; A: compress vagina orifice or compress urethra, N: perineal nerve, pudenal nerve

Answer 44

Ischiocavernosus – O: ramus of ischium, I: near pubic symphysis, maintains erection of penis or clitoris

Answer 45

External anal sphincter (skeletal muscle) – O: skin an fascia surrounding anus and coccyx, I: perineal body, A: closes anal canal, N: Inferior Anal Nerve (Somatic nerve from S2-S4) – inhibits voiding ●Internal Anal Sphincter – smooth muscle innervated by sympathetic NS (S2,S3,S4) – inhibits voiding

Answer 46

●O: Ischial tuberosity ●I: Perineal body ●A: Support perineal body ●N: Pudenal nerve

Answer 47

●O: Ischial tuberosity ●I: surround urethra ●A: compress urethra to maintain urine continence ●N: Pudenal (S2-S4)

Answer 48

●O: Medial Aspect of Ischial Ramus ●I: Pineal Body ●A: Stabilizes position of the perineal body ●N: Pudenal N (S2-S4)

Answer 49

deep transverse perineal muscles (in males) External urethral sphincters

Answer 50

Bulbospongiosus Ischiocarvernosus Superficial transverse perineal muscle

Answer 51

It’s occupies the space between the deep pouch and pelvic floor muscles

Answer 52

The perineal membrane is a tough fascia sheet which attaches to the sides of this triangle and is penetrated by the urethra and by the vagina in the female.

Answer 53

mons pubis labia majora labia minora clitoris bulbs of the vestibule greater and lesser vestibular glands

Answer 54

Piriformis and obturator internus

Answer 55

Suprapubic aspiration (SPA) is a sterile procedure that allows for the sampling of uncontaminated urine in patients. It is considered the gold standard for collecting urine for urinalysis in children.

Answer 56

Anterior sacroiliac ligament sacrospinous ligament sacrotuberous ligament

Answer 57

Mons pubis labia majora labia minora clitoris bulbs of the vestibule greater less and vestibular glands

Answer 58

Anterior sacroiliac ligament sacrospinous ligament sacrotuberous ligament

Answer 59

Superior: to the internal and external iliac lymph nodes Middle part: to the internal iliac lymph nodes Inferior part: to the sacral and common iliac nodes External orifice: to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes

Answer 60

Predominantly from the autonomic nervous system parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves arise from the uterine vagina nerve plexus deep perineal nerves

Answer 61

A space between the perineal membrane (superiorly) and the superficial perineal fascia (inferiorly) It’s contains the erectile tissue that forms the penis and clitoris and 3 muscles the ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosis and superficial transverse perineal muscles

Answer 62

A partially enclosed space in the perineum located superiorly to the perineum membrane Lacks a superior border

Answer 63

Produces spermatozoa synthesizes testosterone participates with the hypothalamus-pituitary unit in regulating reproductive function

Answer 64

Sensitive part of the vulva and enables the feeling of sexual pleasure ( erectile tissue)

Answer 65

An irregular fibromuscular mass located between the anal canal and a perineal membrane

Answer 66

1. Deep peroneal pouch 2. perineal membrane : Perforated by the urethra ( and vagina in females) 3. superficial perineal pouch 4. Perineal fascia - Consists of deep fascia (collie’s fascia) : continuous with scarpa’s fascia of the anterior abdominal wall and superficial fascia: continuous with the camper’s fascia of the anterior abdominal wall 5. skin

Answer 67

The rectum is the last part of the large intestine and connects the sigmoid colon to the anal canal. The rectum begins at the height of S2-S3 and ends at the perineum. It is about 12 to 16 cm long

Answer 68

The upper third lies intraperitoneally The middle third retroperitoneally The lower third under the pelvic diaphragm and therefore extraperitoneally.

Answer 69

It is important for the water resorption as well as for the resorption of electrolyte from the stool and plays an important role in the defecation process.

Answer 70

The lateral ligaments of rectum are which are formed by dense connective tissue of the condensation of pelvic fascia, between the posterolateral pelvic wall (near S3) and the rectum.

Answer 71

The rectum has a slight “S” shape, with two bends in it. The one near the top (sacral flexure) follows the curve of your spine, while the one near the bottom (anorectal flexure) marks the transition from rectum to anus. These bends help control continence (holding your poop in). The rectum also has segments, like a worm, which are separated by horizontal folds in the inner lining called the valves of Houston.

Answer 72

The muscles of the rectum include both smooth and skeletal muscle fibers. The smooth muscle fibers of the rectum are arranged in two layers, an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer. These muscles are responsible for the involuntary contractions that move fecal matter through the rectum and into the anal canal. The skeletal muscles that surround the rectum are collectively called the pelvic floor muscles or the levator ani muscles. These muscles help to support the rectum, anus, and other pelvic organs, and are also involved in voluntary control of bowel movements.

Answer 73

Lymphatic drainage of the rectum is via the pararectal lymph nodes, which drain into the inferior mesenteric nodes. Additionally, the lymph from the lower aspect of the rectum drains directly into the internal iliac lymph nodes.

Answer 74

The rectum receives sensory and autonomic innervation. Sympathetic nervous supply to the rectum is from the lumbar splanchnic nerves and superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses. Parasympathetic supply is from S2-4 via the pelvic splanchnic nerves and inferior hypogastric plexuses. Visceral afferent (sensory) fibres follow the parasympathetic supply.

Answer 75

Superior rectal artery – terminal continuation of the inferior mesenteric artery. Middle rectal artery – branch of the internal iliac artery. Inferior rectal artery – branch of the internal pudendal artery. Venous drainage is via the corresponding superior, middle and inferior rectal veins. The superior rectal vein empties into the portal venous system, whilst the middle and inferior rectal veins empty into the systemic venous system. Anastomoses between the portal and systemic veins are located in the wall of anal canal, making this a site of portocaval anastomosis.

Answer 76

The anterior wall of the rectum has a number of close anatomical structures. These can therefore be palpated digitally via the rectum. Most significant are the prostate and seminal vesicles in males, and cervix in females. Bony structures, such as the sacrum and coccyx, may also be palpated in both sexes.

Answer 77

The terms "pelvic floor" and "pelvic diaphragm" are often used interchangeably, but they are not exactly the same thing. The pelvic diaphragm is a muscular sheet that forms the bottom of the pelvic cavity and separates the pelvic cavity from the perineum. It is made up of two muscles, the levator ani and coccygeus, and provides support for the pelvic organs such as the bladder, uterus, and rectum. The pelvic diaphragm also helps maintain continence by providing muscular support to the anal canal and urethra. The pelvic floor, on the other hand, is a broader term that includes not only the pelvic diaphragm but also other muscles, ligaments, and connective tissue that support the pelvic organs and control urinary and fecal continence. In addition to the levator ani and coccygeus muscles, the pelvic floor also includes the deep transverse perineal muscles, external anal sphincter, and bulbospongiosus muscles. In summary, the pelvic diaphragm is a specific component of the pelvic floor that forms the bottom of the pelvic cavity and provides support to the pelvic organs, while the pelvic floor is a larger structure that includes the pelvic diaphragm as well as other muscles and connective tissue that support the pelvic organs and control continence.

ANA 212 Flashcards

(101 cards)