Ana. Lecture Exam 1 (chap 1-6) Flashcards
Hannah's quizlet (168 cards)
1
Q
oxidase enzymes that neutralize free radicals,
break down toxins, long-chain fatty acids
A
peroxisome
2
Q
molecules in solution move down conc. gradient
- small, uncharged molecules like oxygen, CO2, fat-soluble molecules
A
simple diffusion
3
Q
diffusion of water molecules across membrane
A
osmosis
4
Q
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through integral protein channels
- charged molecules such as glucose, amino acids, and ions
A
facilitated diffusion
5
Q
Adenine and Guanine
-form a double hydrogen bond
A
purines
6
Q
thymine and cytosine
-form triple hydrogen bond
A
pyramidines
7
Q
pyrimidine that only in DNA, replaced by uracil on RNA
A
thymine
8
Q
period of the cell cycle between cell divisions,
DNA replication
A
interphase
9
Q
dna in the nucleus into rna
1. dna unwound
2. rna polymerase trascribes DNA into mRNA
3. mrna exits via nuclear pores
A
transcription
10
Q
reading dna to form amino acids and then proteins
1. mrna attaches to ribosomes
2. trna carries amino acis its anticodons pairs up with mrna codons
3. stops when ribosome hits a stop codon
A
translation
11
Q
transcribed and replicated
A
euchromatin
12
Q
proteins rapidly being produced and growing
A
G1 phase
13
Q
dna replicates itself
A
s phase
14
Q
cell ready to divide
A
g2 phase
15
Q
cells divide (PMAT-C)
A
m (mitotic) phase
16
Q
protein synthesis,
dna replication
A
interphase
17
Q
Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms
A
prophase
18
Q
sister chomatids line up along the metaphase plate
- spindle fibers attach to the centromere
A
metaphase
19
Q
chromosomes break at centromeres, and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell
A
anaphase
20
Q
After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.
A
telophase
21
Q
cleavage furrow forms, cell pinches apart
- diploid cells
A
cytokinesis
22
Q
A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.
A
Diploid cells
23
Q
cell, tissue, organ, organ system
A
body classification system
24
Q
noncellular, adhesive supporting sheet consisting largely of glycoproteins secreted by epithelial cells
A
basal lamina
25
cover exposed surfaces and line internal cavities and passageways; often contain secretory cells, or gland cells scattered among the other cell types
covering epithelium
26
Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances.
glandular epithelium
27
secrete onto external surfaces or into internal passageways that connect to the exterior
exocrine glands
28
secrete hormones into the bloodstream
endocrine glands
29
protection, secretion, absorption, diffusion, filtration, sensory reception
ET tissue functions
30
cellularity, connected by cell junctions, polarity (apical surface and a basal membrane), underlying connective tissue, avascular, innervated, easily regenerated
ET characteristics
31
allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection isn't important
- produces lubricant
- alveoli
simple squamous epithelium
32
secretion and absorption
- kidney tubules
simple columnar epithelium
33
absorption, secretion of mucus/ enzymes, ciliated to propel mucus or reproductive cells
simple columnar epithelium
34
secretion, (mucus), propulsion of mucus by cilliary action
-trachea
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
35
protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
- skin (keratin)
stratified squamous epithelium
36
protection
- sweat glands, salivary glands
stratified cuboidal epithelium
37
protection, secretion
- urethra
stratified columnar epithelium
38
stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine
Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra
transitional epithelium
39
goblet cells
- produce mucin
unicellular exocrine glands
40
tight functions are fairly impermeable
- desmosomes: mechanical stress
cell junctions
41
ions, small molecules
- cardiac and skeletal muscles
gap junctions
42
produce extracellular matrix. ground substance
fibroblasts
43
proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
ground substance
44
wraps and cushions organs
- aids inflammation
- collagen, reticular and elastic fibers
- most widespread
loose areolar ct proper
45
reserve food fuel, prevent heat loss, supports/ protects organs
- very vascular
- high metabolic activity
loose connective adipose ct proper
46
fibers form soft internal skeleton that support other cell types
- spleen
loose connective reticular ct proper
47
attaches muscle to bones or muscles, bones to bones
- withstand tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction
dense ct proper
48
withstands multidirectional tension - structural strength
Dense Irregular CT
49
allows recoil of tissue following stretching; walls of large arteries
dense elastic
50
supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress
- costal cartilage
hyaline cartilage
51
maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
- ear and epiglottis
elastic cartilage
52
tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
- knee joint
Fibrocartilage
53
voluntary, striated, multi-nuclei
skeletal muscle
54
Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.
dendrites
55
a part of a neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body
axons
56
cells that support and protect neurons
neuroglia
57
skin
cutaneous membrane
58
Membrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist.
mucous membrane
59
thin double layered membrane
serosa membrane
60
largest organ
skin
61
Keratnized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
epidermis
62
The most abundant epidermal cells, they produce keratin,
- cont mitosis at bottom layer
- produce antibiotics/ enzymes
Keratinocytes
63
Location—basal layer; attached to sensory nerve endings
tactile epithelial cells
64
specialized white blood cells that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections
- star shaped
- receptor mediated endocytosis
dendritic cells
65
make melanin
- protect keratinocytes
melanocytes
66
single row of cells, mostly keratinocytes
- multiple nuclei
- melanocytes, tactile epithelial cells, dendritic cells
stratum basale
67
keratinocytes connected via desmosomes
- pre keratin
- lots of dendritic cells
startum spinosum
68
keratohyalin granuloctyes and lamellar granules
- help form keratin
LG- waterproofing
stratum granulosum
69
flat dead keratinocytes, only found in thicker skin
-palms
-soles of feet
startum lucidum
70
dead keratinocytes
stratum corneum
71
loose areolar CT
- dermal papillae
- dermal ridges
- collagen/ elastic fibers
papillary dermis
72
a fingerlike projection - increases surface area
- extend into overlying epidermis
dermal papillae
73
elevate overlying epidermis into epidermal ridges
- palms on hands and feet in large mounds
dermal ridges
74
dense irregular connective tissue
- elastic and collagen fibers
- primarily collagen fibers
- cleavage line
reticular dermis
75
vascular and innervated
- glands and hair follicles
- flexure lines
- dermal and subpapillary plexus
reticular dermis
76
located between the hypodermis and the dermis; nourishes the hypodermis and the structures located within the deeper portions of the dermis
dermal plexus
77
just below dermal papillae, nourishes superficial dermal structures, dermal papillae, and deep epidermis, also aids in temperature regulation. Dermal BV hold 5% of blood in body.
subpapillary plexus
78
dermal folds that occur at or near joints, where the dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures
flexure lines
79
not technically apart of integumentary system
- superficial fascia/ subq layer
- loose areolar and adipose ct
- anchors skin to muscles
hypodermis
80
amino acid tyrosine and carotene (yellow- orange pigment accumulates in corneum), and hemoglobin
- stratum basale
melanin
81
Vitamin D3
Cholecalciferol
82
part of the nail plate that extends over the tip of the finger or toe
free edge
83
hard part of the nail
nail plate
84
the part that is embedded in the skin and adheres to an epithelial nail bed
root
85
Portion of the living skin that supports the nail plate as it grows toward the free edge.
nail bed
86
responsible for nail growth
nail matrix
87
an opaque white crescent at proximal end of nail
lunule
88
cuticle
eponychium
89
the sacs that hold the root of the hair fibers
hair follicles
90
Lowest part of a hair strand; the thickened, club-shaped structure that forms the lower part of the hair root.
hair bulb
91
actively dividing area of the hair bulb that produces the hair
hair matrix
92
oil, alveolar glands
- act by androgens
sebaceous glands
93
destroys the gland cell
Holcrine Secretion
94
palms, soles and forehead
- simple tubular gland
- pores
eccrine sweat
95
axillary, anal, genital
- body odor
- pheromones
apocrine sweat glands
96
covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints
- avascular / nerves
articular cartilage
97
connects ribs to sternum
- avascular / nerves
costal cartilage
98
Dense irregular connective tissue membrane covering cartilage
perichondrium
99
cartilage cells
chondrocytes
100
mall cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
lacuna
101
chondrocytes and extracellular matrix (ground substance and fiber)
cartilage
102
collagen and ground substance
- resistance
- most common
hyaline cartilage
103
elastin and collagen
elastic cartilage
104
resists compression; prevents bone-to-bone contact; limits movement
- structural intermediate bw hyaline cartilage and dense regular ct
fibrocartilage
105
increase in bone thickness
appositional growth
106
growth in length
interstitial growth
107
create bone cells
otseogenic cells
108
bone forming cells
osteoblasts
109
unmineralized bone matrix
osteoid
110
mature bone cells
osteocytes
111
Bone-destroying cells
osteoclasts
112
Cylindrical structures that comprise compact bone
osteons
113
bones of the arms and legs
long bones
114
bones of the wrist and ankles
short bones
115
bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull
flat bones
116
bones of the vertebrae and face
irregular bones
117
supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone
trabeculae
118
Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone
compact bone
119
shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
120
ends of long bone
Epiphses
121
remnant of the epiphyseal plate, seen in adult bones
epiphyseal line
122
cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow
medullary cavity
123
a layer of dense irregular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints
periosteum
124
membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
endosteum
125
formation of bone
osteogenesis
126
process of bone formation
ossification
127
Creation of bone from the periosteum
- skull and clavicle
- osteoblasts to osteoid to osteocytes
- woven bone tissue
- end= flat bone
intramembrane ossification
128
bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
- increase in length and width
- 2nd month for development thru early adulthood
endochondral ossification
129
Area of cartilage on epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate that is relatively inactive
resting zone
130
cartilage cells undergo mitosis
proliferation zone
131
older cartilage cells enlarge
hypertrophic zone
132
Surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies, chondrocytes die and deteriorate
calcification zone
133
hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth of bones
growth hormone
134
modulates activity of growth hormone, ensuring proper proportions
thyroid hormone
135
the process by which the surface of bone is broken down by osteoclasts
- phagocytosis
- HCL secretion
resorption
136
osteoblasts
deposition
137
increases blood calcium levels
-act. vitamin D
parathyroid hormone
138
bone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin
simple fracture
139
bone breaks through the skin
compund fracture
140
bone breaks into many fragments
comminuted
141
a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
spiral fracture
142
bone is crushed
compression fracture
143
broken bone portion is pressed inward
depressed fracture
144
bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children
greenstick fracture
145
thinner than average bone density
osteopenia
146
A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.
osteoporosis
147
softening of the bone
osteomalacia
148
Vitamin D deficiency
rickets
149
malignant tumor of the bone
osteosarcoma
150
the portion of the skull that encloses the brain
cranium
151
the bones that encase and protect the brain, including the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
cranial vault
152
bump on back of head
external occipital protuberance
153
an incomplete supraorbital foramen
supraorbital notch
154
runs horizontally from external occipital protuberance
superior nuchal line
155
forms superior part of nasal septum
perpendicular plate
156
part of ethmoid bone
superior conchae
157
a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue
hyoid bone
158
C1-C7
cervical vertebrae
159
T1-T12
- spinous process points more inferiorly
- transverse costal facets
thoracic vertebrae
160
L1-L5
- lateral flexion
-carry all upper body weight
lumbar vertebrae
161
5 fused vertebrae
sacrum
162
four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone
coccyx
163
the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus
cleft palate
164
narrowing of the spinal canal
- aging, arthritis
lumbar stenosis
165
lateral curvature of the spine
- greater than 10 degrees
scoliosis
166
excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.
kyphosis
167
swayback
lordosis
168
soft spots normally present on the skull of a newborn
fontanelles
