Ana Path Flashcards
(22 cards)
What is ischemic heart disease (IHD)?
A group of related syndromes arising from insufficient blood supply to the myocardium relative to functional demand.
What are the primary causes of myocardial ischemia?
- Vessel occlusion
- Coronary atherosclerosis
- Coronary emboli
- Myocardial vessel inflammation
- Vascular spasm
- Increased myocardial demand
- Hypoxemia
- Systemic hypotension
What percentage of global deaths did ischemic heart disease account for in 2011?
11.2% of all deaths worldwide.
Which countries account for the largest number of deaths due to ischemic heart disease?
- Russia
- United States of America
- Ukraine
What are common risk factors for ischemic heart disease?
- Hypertension
- Hyperlipidemia
- Age
- Social class
- Obesity
- High BMI
- Reduced physical exercise
- Significant alcohol intake
What are the classifications of risk factors for ischemic heart disease?
- Absolute risk factors
- Relative risk factors
Name three absolute risk factors for ischemic heart disease.
- Male gender
- Age
- Positive family history
What are some relative risk factors for ischemic heart disease?
- Smoking
- Hypertension
- Diabetes mellitus
- Haemostatic factors
- Physical activity
- Obesity
- Alcohol
- Other dietary factors
- Personality types
- Social deprivation
What clinical syndromes can ischemic heart disease present as?
- Acute myocardial infarction
- Angina pectoris
- Chronic ischemic heart disease with heart failure
- Sudden cardiac death
What is the central cause of ischemic heart diseases?
Coronary artery disease, primarily due to atherosclerosis.
What characterizes early atherosclerosis?
- Begins in the second to third decade of life
- Commonly starts at bifurcations due to shear stress
- Involves abnormal endothelial function and inflammatory cell binding
What are the consequences of advanced atherosclerosis?
- Erosion
- Fissuring
- Rupture
- Triggering platelet aggregation and thrombosis
What is the significance of a 70% critical luminal obstruction in coronary artery disease?
It causes symptoms on exercise.
What are the types of angina pectoris?
- Stable angina
- Unstable angina
- Prinzmetal angina
What defines a myocardial infarction?
Death of cardiac muscle due to prolonged severe ischemia.
What percentage of myocardial infarcts occur in people younger than age 40?
10%.
Which coronary arteries are most frequently involved in myocardial infarction?
- Left anterior descending coronary artery - 40% to 50%
- Right coronary artery - 30% to 40%
- Left circumflex coronary artery - 15% to 20%
What are the patterns of myocardial infarction?
- Transmural
- Sub-endocardial
- Multifocal micro-infarction
What are some complications of myocardial infarction?
- Contractile dysfunction
- Arrhythmias
- Extension of infarction
- Congestive heart failure
- Cardiogenic shock
- Pericarditis
- Mural thrombosis
- Myocardial wall rupture
- Papillary muscle rupture
- Ventricular aneurysm formation
What is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide?
Ischemic heart disease.
True or False: Acute myocardial infarctions are easy to detect at autopsy.
False.
Fill in the blank: IHD syndromes are _______.
[overlapping]
