ANA PRIMER Flashcards
Examples of Dietary Nutrients that are not absorbed directly into the enterohepatic portal blood system include:
A) amino acids
B) MCFA
C) monosaccharides
D: LCFA
D) LCFA
The hormone responsible for the decrease in gastrointestinal smooth muscle tone and motility during pregnancy is:
A) Estrogen
B) Progesterone
C) Placental lactogen
D) Human chorionic ghonadotropin
B) Progesterone
The ingestion of a meal containing large amounts of saturated fat will result in a transient increase in serum concentration of
A) Chylomircons
B) Low density lipoproteins
C) High density lipoproteins
D) Micelles
A) Chylomicrons
Most iron is transported in the blood via the plasma carrier
A) heme
B) ferritin
C) transferrin
D) albumin
C) Transferrin
The organs most active in the synthesis of endogenous cholesterol are the liver and the
A) Gallbladder
B) Pancreas
C) Adrenal glands
D) intestinal mucosa
D) Intestinal mucosa
Lactulose is a carbohydrate that is:
A) absorbed in the small intestine
B) absorbed in the large intestine
C) a nonabsorbable laxative
D) not found in the human diet
C) a nonabsorbable laxative
Digested dietary protein is absorbed primarily in the
A) stomach
B) duodenum
C) jejunum
D) ilium
C) Jejunum
Monosaccharides are transported across the placenta from the maternal circulation to the fetal circulation by the process of
A) Simple diffusion
B) Facilitated diffusion
C) Active transport
D) Pinocytosis
B) Facilitated diffusion
If a bolus containing 600 mOsm/L enters the jejunum, the net direction of fluid movement in the intestinal tract will be:
A) from the intestinal lumen to circulation
B) from the circulation to the intestinal lumen
C) longitudinally along the mucosal basement membrane
D) from the circulation to the lymphoid system
B) from the circulation to the intestinal lumen
Excessive production of gas within the intestines may be caused by excessive colonic bacterial fermentation of unabsorbed
A) gluten
B) small peptides
C) lignin
D) carbohydrates
D) carbohydrates
A major intracellular antioxidant is the nutrient
A) vitamin A
B) thiamin
C) glutathione
D) ascorbic acid
C) glutathione
A required prerequisite to the digestion of proteins is the HCl-dependent process called:
A) hydrolysis
B) evaporation
C) denaturation
D) distillation
C) denaturation
The true digestibility of dietary fatty acids is:
A) 65-75%
B) 75-85%
C) 85-95%
D) more than 95%
D) more than 95%
The structures of linoleic acid and gamma-linoleic acid differ in their
A) chain lengths
B) double bond positions
C) number of double bonds
D) side chain moieties
C) number of double bonds
An example of a compound that is not considered to be a component of dietary fiber is:
A) pectin
B) hemicellulose
C) amylose
D) cellulose
C) amylose
Dietary fats & oils primarily are composed of:
A) triglycerides
B) PUFAs
C) saturated fats
C) MUFAs
A) triglycerides
A nutrient is considered conditionally essential when:
A) it cannot be replaced by a metabolic precursor
B) it is malabsorbed
C) its endogenous production becomes insufficient to meet needs
D) it required a second essential nutrient to be effective
C) its endogenous production becomes insufficient to meet needs
Vitamin reserves can become depleted because all vitamins are:
a. synthesized inefficiently. b. essential nutrients.
c. metabolized quickly.
d. excreted rapidly.
b. essential nutrients.
The process of adding a nutrient to manufactured foods as a public health measure is called:
a. restoration.
b. enrichment.
c. fortification.
d. supplementation.
c. fortification.
Food additives can be used:
a. as effective preservatives. b. without restriction.
c. to compensate for improper processing
practices.
d. without risk.
a. as effective preservatives.
Nutrification is the:
a. addition of a nutrient to a food in order to assure the distribution of that nutrient to a target
population group.
b. specific addition of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron to white flour.
c. structural modification of complex carbohydrates.
d. addition of at least 25% of the RDA of a nutrient to a food product that has been designed to
replace a meal or food item.
a. addition of a nutrient to a food in order to assure the distribution of that nutrient to a target
population group
Ketones result from the metabolism of:
a. fatty acids.
b. simple sugars.
c. amino acids.
d. complex carbohydrates.
a. fatty acids
The plasmalemma does not incorporate:
a. vitamin A.
b. vitamin E.
c. cholesterol.
d. phospholipids.
a. vitamin A.
The failure of a tissue or organ to develop properly is called:
a. neoplasia.
b. aplasia.
c. hyperplasia.
d. atrophy.
b. aplasia.
Glutamine is the primary energy source for the:
a. liver.
b. heart.
c. small intestine.
d. brain.
c. small intestine
The metabolic effects of insulin include stimulation of:
a. adipocyte secretion of non-esterified fatty acids.
b. myocyte amino acid uptake.
c. hepatocyte
gluconeogenesis.
d. myocyte glycogenesis.
b. myocyte amino acid uptake.
The most common skeletal complication of chronic renal failure is:
a. hyperostosis.
b. osteoporosis.
c. rickets.
d. secondary hyperparathyroidism.
d. secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Most circulating cholesterol is eliminated from the body after metabolism to:
a. lipoproteins.
b. phospholipids.
c. fecal fat.
d. bile acids.
d. bile acids.
Vitamin B12 is a required cofactor in the biochemical pathway through which glucose is
produced from the amino acid:
a. alanine.
b. valine.
c. methionine.
d. tyrosine.
b. valine.
**But probably methionine!
Copper is a component of:
a. alkaline phosphatase.
b. glycosyl transferase.
c. ceruloplasmin.
d. glucose tolerance factor.
c. ceruloplasmin.
The decarboxylation of pyruvate involves a sequence of reactions that require, as coenzymes,
the four vitamins:
a. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin and vitamin B12.
b. thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B12.
c. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin.
d. biotin, niacin, pantothenic acid and vitamin B12
c. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin.
The size of the free amino acid pool in the human body is regulated by the rate of:
a. oxidation of amino acids b. synthesis of nonessential amino acids
c. urinary excretion of
amino acids.
d. skeletal collagen metabolism.
a. oxidation of amino acids
During maximal aerobic exercise, the primary energy source is:
a. fatty acids
b. Lactate
c. glycogen.
d. glucose.
a) fatty acids
***But probably glucose!
A set of 150 observations has a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 1.5. The 95%
confidence limits (95% CL) of the mean can be calculated by solving the formula:
a. 95% CL = 5 ± (1.96)(1.5).
b. 95% CL = 5 ± (1.96)[(1.5)2/150)]1/2.
c. 95% CL = 5 ± (1.96)[(1.5)1/2/150].
d. 95% CL = 5 ± (1.96)(1.5/150)1/2
b. 95% CL = 5 ± (1.96)[(1.5)2/150)]1/2.
A cross-sectional study compared cardiovascular risk factors and resting metabolic rate
(RMR) in 400 sedentary (SED) and 400 resistance trained (RT) young women. The measured
RMR (mean ± standard error of the mean) were 4.31 ± 0.06 kJ/min and 3.99 ± 0.05 kJ/min,
respectively. The valid interpretation of the RMR data is that:
a. RMR SED and RMR RT are not significantly different (p>0.05).
b. RMR SED and RMR RT are significantly different (p<0.05).
c. RMR SED and RMR RT are significantly correlated (p<0.05).
d. RMR is not affected by resistance training.
b. RMR SED and RMR RT are significantly different (p<0.05).
The phrase “p<.05” should be interpreted to mean that:
a. the probability of being correct is >95%.
b. the probability of being incorrect is <5%.
c. the results are less convincing than if “p” were “<.01.”
d. the probability of the same result occurring by random chance is <5%.
d. the probability of the same result occurring by random chance is <5%.
The relationship between 2 correlated variables is:
a. causal.
b. random.
c. independent.
d. mathematical.
d. mathematical.
Meta-analysis is a quantitative approach for systematically combining the results of previous,
non-definitive research in order to:
a. improve the quality of the research data.
b. allow a conclusion to be drawn.
c. identify studies
with positive results.
d. improve the power of the research.
b. allow a conclusion to be drawn.
Dysgeusia may result from a dietary deficiency of the nutrient:
a. iron.
b. magnesium.
c. manganese.
d. zinc.
d. zinc.
Pantothenic acid is a component of:
a. FAD.
b. NAD.
c. hemoglobin.
d. coenzyme A.
d. coenzyme A.
Selenium deficiency has been implicated in the development of:
a. iron deficiency anemia.
b. subclinical hypothyroidism.
c. hyperthyroidism.
d. night blindness.
b. subclinical hypothyroidism
The dietary fatty acid considered to be essential in the diet of humans is:
a. stearic acid.
b. oleic acid.
c. linoleic acid.
d. palmitic acid.
c. linoleic acid.
Iron is absorbed in the small intestine in the form of:
a. ferrous iron.
b. ferric iron.
c. ferritin.
d. transferrin.
a. ferrous iron.
The risk of congenital microencephaly increases during pregnancy when habitual intake of
pre-formed vitamin A exceed the RDA for vitamin A by:
a. 5-fold.
b. 50-fold.
c. 100-fold.
d. 1000-fold.
a. 5-fold
Vitamin C, vitamin E, and β-carotene may exert cardioprotective effects by:
a. enhancing the conversion of SFA to PUFA.
b. stimulating hepatic synthesis of HDL.
c.
inhibiting the oxidation of LDL.
d. increasing LDL receptor number.
c.
inhibiting the oxidation of LDL.
Signs of a deficiency in essential fatty acids include:
a. soft fingernails.
b. dull skin and dandruff.
c. edema.
d. sleep disorders.
b. dull skin and dandruff.
The form in which fatty acids usually are found in food is as:
a. free fatty acids.
b. mannan polymers.
c. cholesterol esters.
d. triglycerides.
d. triglycerides.
A dietary source of ω-3 essential fatty acids is:
a. primrose oil.
b. arachidonic oil.
c. flax oil.
d. milk fat.
c. flax oil.
The disease associated with deficiency of vitamin B1 is known as:
a. multiple sclerosis.
b. beri-beri.
c. scurvy.
d. pellagra.
b. beri-beri
Polyneuropathy may accompany chronic consumption of large amounts of:
a. dairy foods.
b. starch.
c. alcohol.
d. meats.
c. alcohol.
Of beef, bacon, salmon, and broccoli, the food source with the greatest nutrient
density (g per 100 Kcal) for fat is:
a. beef.
b. bacon.
c. salmon.
d. broccoli.
b. bacon.
Chromium influences plasma glucose concentrations by stimulating:
a. starch blocker activity.
b. myocyte sodium-glucose transport.
c. absorption of dietary glucose.
d. hepatic gluconeogenesis.
b. myocyte sodium-glucose transport.
Most vegetables are generally considered to be nutritionally inferior to most animal proteins
because typically they contain:
a. indigestible polypeptide sequences.
b. small amounts of abnormal amino acids.
c. inadequate
amounts of glutamine.
d. fewer essential amino acids.
d. fewer essential amino acids.
Two vitamins which are very toxic when ingested in amounts 10-fold or more greater than
the current US RDA are:
a. vitamin A and thiamin.
b. vitamin A and folic acid.
c. vitamin A and vitamin D.
d. Vitamin E and Vitamin K.
c. vitamin A and vitamin D.
An early indicator of impending selenosis is:
a. headache.
b. easy bruising.
c. numbness of hands and feet.
d. garlic odor of breath.
d. garlic odor of breath.
The consumption of 1750 excess Kcal will result in the deposition of new body fat weighing:
a. 17.5 g.
b. 175 g.
c. 227 g.
d. 454 g.
c. 227 g.
Iron in foods is primarily in the form of:
a. ferrous iron.
b. ferric iron.
c. ferritin.
d. transferrin.
b. ferric iron
Most of the activated folic acid in the human body is in the form of:
a. folate.
b. folacin.
c. S-adenosylmethionine.
d. methyltetrahydrofolic acid.
d. methyltetrahydrofolic acid.
A good dietary source of riboflavin is a:
a. peach.
b. carrot.
c. coconut.
d. steak.
d. steak.
Among the foods beef, bacon, fish, and spinach, the food source with the greatest
nutrient density (mg per 100 Kcal) for iron is:
a. beef.
b. bacon.
c. fish.
d. spinach.
d. spinach.
Among the following foods, the nutrient density of vitamin D is greatest in:
a. cheese.
b. salmon.
c. green leafy vegetables.
d. beef.
b. salmon.
The best source of supplemental calcium for an elderly woman with
hypochlorhydria is:
a. calcium carbonate.
b. calcium phosphate.
c. calcium citrate.
d. bone meal.
c. calcium citrate.
Excessive consumption of dietary fiber impairs the bioavailability of:
a. protein.
b. zinc.
c. essential fatty acids.
d. vitamin D.
b. zinc.
Cruciferous vegetables lack:
a. highly bioavailable calcium.
b. cancer-inhibiting indoles. c. large amounts of vitamin K.
d. large amounts of β-carotene.
a. highly bioavailable calcium.
The vitamin K content of human breast milk is:
a. undetectable.
b. low.
c. high.
d. unknown.
b. low.
25-OHD3 is converted to 1,25-(OH)2D3 by:
a. neurons.
b. sunlight.
c. hepatocytes.
d. renal cells.
d. renal cells
Daily consumption of 50 Kcal of excess dietary energy for a year will produce a
weight gain of:
a. 4 to 5 pounds.
b. 10 to 12 pounds.
c. 20 to 25 pounds.
d. 40 to 50 pounds.
a. 4 to 5 pounds.
Skeletal manifestations of hypervitaminosis A include:
a. cortical sclerosis.
b. cortical porosis.
c. osteomalacia.
d. osteonecrosis.
b. cortical porosis.