[ANA] Thorax/Abdomen/Pelvis Reviewer (2026) Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
- Which structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
- A) Trachea
- B) Esophagus
- C) Diaphragm
- D) Sternum
A
C) Diaphragm
Rationale: The diaphragm is a large, dome-shaped muscle that plays a crucial role in breathing and acts as a physical barrier between the thoracic cavity (containing the heart and lungs) and the abdominal cavity (containing digestive organs).
2
Q
- Which of the following is NOT a part of the sternum?
- A) Manubrium
- B) Body
- C) Xiphoid process
- D) Clavicle
A
D) Clavicle
Rationale: The sternum consists of three parts: the manubrium, body (gladiolus), and xiphoid process. The clavicle, or collarbone, is a separate bone that articulates with the sternum but is not part of it.
3
Q
- Which major vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?
- A) Aorta
- B) Pulmonary artery
- C) Pulmonary vein
- D) Superior vena cava
A
B) Pulmonary artery
Rationale: The pulmonary artery is the vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
4
Q
- The primary muscle involved in inspiration is the:
- A) External intercostal muscles
- B) Internal intercostal muscles
- C) Diaphragm
- D) Abdominal muscles
A
C) Diaphragm
Rationale: During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the thoracic cavity’s volume and allowing air to be drawn into the lungs.
5
Q
- Which structure is located in the mediastinum?
- A) Lungs
- B) Heart
- C) Liver
- D) Kidneys
A
B) Heart
Rationale: The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity, which contains the heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, and other structures, but not the lungs themselves.
6
Q
- The right lung has how many lobes?
- A) 2
- B) 3
- C) 4
- D) 5
A
B) 3
Rationale: The right lung has three lobes: the superior, middle, and inferior lobes. The left lung has only two lobes due to space taken up by the heart.
7
Q
- The trachea bifurcates at the level of the:
- A) Sternal angle
- B) Jugular notch
- C) Xiphoid process
- D) Clavicular notch
A
A) Sternal angle
Rationale: The trachea bifurcates, or splits, into the right and left main bronchi at the level of the sternal angle (the angle of Louis), which is located at the junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum, around the level of the second rib.
8
Q
- The pleural cavity is the space between the:
- A) Heart and lungs
- B) Visceral and parietal pleurae
- C) Lungs and diaphragm
- D) Ribs and intercostal muscles
A
B) Visceral and parietal pleurae
Rationale: The pleural cavity is the thin fluid-filled space between the two layers of the pleurae—the visceral pleura (covering the lungs) and the parietal pleura (lining the thoracic cavity).
9
Q
- Which structure is responsible for the conduction of electrical impulses in the heart?
- A) Atrioventricular node
- B) Sinoatrial node
- C) Bundle of His
- D) Purkinje fibers
A
B) Sinoatrial node
Rationale: The sinoatrial (SA) node is known as the natural pacemaker of the heart. It generates electrical impulses that spread throughout the heart, prompting it to contract.
10
Q
- The main function of the intercostal muscles is to:
- A) Protect the heart
- B) Assist in breathing
- C) Support the ribs
- D) Maintain posture
A
B) Assist in breathing
Rationale: The intercostal muscles, located between the ribs, play a key role in the mechanics of breathing by helping to expand and contract the chest cavity during inspiration and expiration.
11
Q
- Which vessel returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
- A) Pulmonary artery
- B) Pulmonary vein
- C) Superior vena cava
- D) Aorta
A
B) Pulmonary vein
Rationale: The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart.
12
Q
- Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
- A) Vagus nerve
- B) Phrenic nerve
- C) Intercostal nerve
- D) Spinal accessory nerve
A
B) Phrenic nerve
Rationale: The phrenic nerve originates from the cervical spinal cord (C3-C5) and is responsible for motor and sensory innervation of the diaphragm, essential for breathing.
13
Q
- The thoracic duct drains lymph into the:
- A) Right subclavian vein
- B) Left subclavian vein
- C) Superior vena cava
- D) Inferior vena cava
A
B) Left subclavian vein
Rationale: The thoracic duct drains lymph from the majority of the body into the left subclavian vein at its junction with the internal jugular vein.
14
Q
- The azygos vein is primarily associated with draining blood from the:
- A) Abdomen
- B) Lower limbs
- C) Thoracic wall
- D) Heart
A
C) Thoracic wall
Rationale: The azygos vein drains the thoracic wall and the posterior walls of the abdomen into the superior vena cava.
15
Q
- The structure that prevents food from entering the respiratory tract is the:
- A) Epiglottis
- B) Trachea
- C) Larynx
- D) Esophagus
A
A) Epiglottis
Rationale: The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract.
16
Q
- Which of the following is a branch of the aortic arch?
- A) Left coronary artery
- B) Right common carotid artery
- C) Brachiocephalic trunk
- D) Left subclavian vein
A
C) Brachiocephalic trunk
Rationale: The aortic arch gives rise to three major branches: the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery.
17
Q
- The cardiac notch is a feature of which lung?
- A) Right lung
- B) Left lung
- C) Both lungs
- D) Neither lung
A
B) Left lung
Rationale: The cardiac notch is an indentation in the left lung that accommodates the space taken up by the heart.
18
Q
- Which structure forms the anterior border of the thoracic inlet?
- A) Manubrium
- B) First rib
- C) Clavicle
- D) T1 vertebra
A
A) Manubrium
Rationale: The thoracic inlet is bounded anteriorly by the manubrium of the sternum.
19
Q
- The coronary arteries arise from which part of the heart?
- A) Left atrium
- B) Right atrium
- C) Ascending aorta
- D) Descending aorta
A
C) Ascending aorta
Rationale: The coronary arteries branch off from the ascending aorta and supply blood to the heart muscle itself.
20
Q
- The hilum of the lung is where:
- A) The ribs attach
- B) The diaphragm attaches
- C) The bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit
- D) The lung attaches to the heart
A
C) The bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit
Rationale: The hilum is the region of the lung where the bronchi, pulmonary arteries and veins, and nerves enter and exit.
21
Q
- Which structure is located most anteriorly in the superior mediastinum?
- A. Trachea
- B. Esophagus
- C. Arch of aorta
- D. Thymus
A
D. Thymus
Rationale: The thymus is the most anterior structure in the superior mediastinum, located immediately behind the sternum and in front of the other structures like the trachea, esophagus, and the arch of the aorta.
22
Q
- The sternal angle (Angle of Louis) is a landmark for the level of which structure?
- A. T2 vertebra
- B. T4/T5 intervertebral disc
- C. T6 vertebra
- D. T8 vertebra
A
B. T4/T5 intervertebral disc
Rationale: The sternal angle is located at the level of the T4/T5 intervertebral disc. It is a useful anatomical landmark for locating the bifurcation of the trachea and the beginning of the aortic arch.
23
Q
- Which vessel is not a direct branch of the aortic arch?
- A. Brachiocephalic trunk
- B. Left common carotid artery
- C. Left subclavian artery
- D. Right subclavian artery
A
D. Right subclavian artery
Rationale: The aortic arch gives rise to three branches: the brachiocephalic trunk (which further divides into the right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery), the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. The right subclavian artery is a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk, not a direct branch of the aortic arch.
24
Q
- The phrenic nerve provides motor innervation to which muscle?
- A. Intercostal muscles
- B. Diaphragm
- C. Serratus anterior
- D. Pectoralis major
A
B. Diaphragm
Rationale: The phrenic nerve originates from the cervical spinal cord (C3-C5) and provides motor innervation to the diaphragm, the primary muscle involved in breathing.
25
25. Which structure passes through the diaphragm at the level of T10?
- A. Inferior vena cava
- B. Esophagus
- C. Aorta
- D. Thoracic duct
B. Esophagus
Rationale: The esophagus passes through the diaphragm at the level of the T10 vertebra.
26
26. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under which structure?
- A. Right subclavian artery
- B. Aortic arch
- C. Left subclavian artery
- D. Right brachiocephalic vein
B. Aortic arch
Rationale: The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the aortic arch before ascending to the larynx.
27
27. Which vein drains directly into the right atrium?
- A. Azygos vein
- B. Hemiazygos vein
- C. Left superior intercostal vein
- D. Inferior vena cava
D. Inferior vena cava
Rationale: The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body directly into the right atrium of the heart.
28
28. The carina is located at which vertebral level?
- A. T2
- B. T4
- C. T6
- D. T8
B. T4
Rationale: The carina, the point where the trachea bifurcates into the right and left main bronchi, is located at the level of the T4 vertebra.
29
29. The coronary sinus primarily drains blood from which area?
- A. Lungs
- B. Heart
- C. Liver
- D. Spleen
B. Heart
Rationale: The coronary sinus collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle (myocardium) and drains it into the right atrium.
30
30. The apex of the heart is located at the level of which intercostal space?
- A. 2nd
- B. 4th
- C. 5th
- D. 6th
C. 5th
Rationale: The apex of the heart is located at the level of the 5th intercostal space, along the midclavicular line.
31
32. The parietal pleura is innervated by which nerve?
- A. Phrenic nerve
- B. Vagus nerve
- C. Intercostal nerves
- D. Greater splanchnic nerve
C. Intercostal nerves
Rationale: The parietal pleura, which lines the thoracic cavity, is innervated by the intercostal nerves and the phrenic nerve, providing sensory innervation.
31
31. Which muscle is primarily responsible for the elevation of the ribs during inspiration?
- A. Internal intercostal muscles
- B. External intercostal muscles
- C. Diaphragm
- D. Rectus abdominis
B. External intercostal muscles
Rationale: The external intercostal muscles contract during inspiration, elevating the ribs and expanding the thoracic cavity to allow air to enter the lungs.
32
33. Which structure separates the superior and inferior mediastinum?
- A. Sternal angle
- B. Manubrium
- C. Diaphragm
- D. Heart
A. Sternal angle
Rationale: The sternal angle (Angle of Louis) is the anatomical landmark that separates the superior mediastinum from the inferior mediastinum, located at the level of the T4/T5 intervertebral disc.
33
34. The primary function of the thoracic duct is to:
- A. Transport bile
- B. Carry oxygenated blood
- C. Drain lymph
- D. Transmit nerve impulses
C. Drain lymph
Rationale: The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body, and its primary function is to drain lymph from most of the body into the venous system.
34
35. Which heart chamber forms the apex of the heart?
- A. Right atrium
- B. Right ventricle
- C. Left atrium
- D. Left ventricle
D. Left ventricle
Rationale: The apex of the heart is formed by the left ventricle, which is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
35
36. The trachea bifurcates into the main bronchi at which anatomical landmark?
- A. T2
- B. T4
- C. T6
- D. T8
B. T4
Rationale: The trachea bifurcates into the right and left main bronchi at the level of the T4 vertebra, near the sternal angle.
36
37. Which of the following structures is not found in the posterior mediastinum?
- A. Esophagus
- B. Thoracic duct
- C. Aorta
- D. Thymus
D. Thymus
Rationale: The thymus is located in the anterior part of the superior mediastinum and does not extend into the posterior mediastinum. The posterior mediastinum contains structures like the esophagus, thoracic duct, and descending aorta.
37
38. The interventricular septum is primarily composed of:
- A. Connective tissue
- B. Adipose tissue
- C. Cardiac muscle
- D. Smooth muscle
C. Cardiac muscle
Rationale: The interventricular septum is a thick wall of cardiac muscle that separates the left and right ventricles.
38
39. Which artery supplies the anterior interventricular septum?
- A. Right coronary artery
- B. Left anterior descending artery
- C. Circumflex artery
- D. Posterior interventricular artery
B. Left anterior descending artery
Rationale: The left anterior descending artery (LAD), a branch of the left coronary artery, supplies the anterior part of the interventricular septum.
39
40. The right lung differs from the left lung in that it:
- A. Has two lobes
- B. Is narrower
- C. Has three lobes
- D. Is longer
C. Has three lobes
Rationale: The right lung has three lobes (superior, middle, and inferior), whereas the left lung has only two lobes (superior and inferior) to accommodate space for the heart.
40
41. Which structure separates the superior and inferior mediastinum?
- A. Sternal angle
- B. Manubrium
- C. Diaphragm
- D. Pericardium
A. Sternal angle
Rationale: The sternal angle, also known as the Angle of Louis, marks the division between the superior and inferior mediastinum.
41
42. Which vein drains into the right atrium?
- A. Pulmonary vein
- B. Superior vena cava
- C. Azygos vein
- D. Coronary sinus
B. Superior vena cava
Rationale: The superior vena cava drains deoxygenated blood from the upper body into the right atrium of the heart.
42
43. The phrenic nerve innervates which muscle?
- A. Intercostal muscles
- B. Diaphragm
- C. Pectoralis major
- D. Serratus anterior
B. Diaphragm
Rationale: The phrenic nerve provides motor innervation to the diaphragm, the primary muscle involved in breathing.
43
44. Which structure is found in the middle mediastinum?
- A. Thymus
- B. Heart
- C. Trachea
- D. Esophagus
B. Heart
Rationale: The middle mediastinum contains the heart, enclosed in the pericardium, as well as the roots of the great vessels.
44
45. The right lung is divided into how many lobes?
- A. Two
- B. Three
- C. Four
- D. Five
B. Three
Rationale: The right lung has three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior.
45
46. Which structure lies directly posterior to the manubrium?
- A. Heart
- B. Thymus
- C. Trachea
- D. Aortic arch
B. Thymus
Rationale: The thymus lies directly posterior to the manubrium, especially in children and adolescents.
46
47. Which artery is the first branch of the aortic arch?
- A. Left subclavian artery
- B. Left common carotid artery
- C. Brachiocephalic trunk
- D. Right coronary artery
C. Brachiocephalic trunk
Rationale: The first branch of the aortic arch is the brachiocephalic trunk, which later divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery.
47
48. Which structure is not found in the hilum of the lung?
- A. Pulmonary artery
- B. Pulmonary vein
- C. Bronchus
- D. Phrenic nerve
D. Phrenic nerve
Rationale: The hilum of the lung contains the bronchus, pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary veins. The phrenic nerve passes anterior to the hilum.
48
49. Which chamber of the heart forms the apex?
- A. Right atrium
- B. Left atrium
- C. Right ventricle
- D. Left ventricle
D. Left ventricle
Rationale: The apex of the heart is formed by the left ventricle.
49
50. Which vein is located in the posterior mediastinum?
- A. Internal jugular vein
- B. Brachiocephalic vein
- C. Azygos vein
- D. Great cardiac vein
C. Azygos vein
Rationale: The azygos vein is found in the posterior mediastinum and is responsible for draining the thoracic wall and upper lumbar region.
50
51. Which structure is not a part of the respiratory membrane?
- A. Alveolar epithelium
- B. Capillary endothelium
- C. Interstitial space
- D. Visceral pleura
D. Visceral pleura
Rationale: The respiratory membrane consists of the alveolar epithelium, capillary endothelium, and the interstitial space between them. The visceral pleura covers the lung but is not part of the respiratory membrane.
51
52. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under which structure?
- A. Aortic arch
- B. Right subclavian artery
- C. Left subclavian artery
- D. Pulmonary trunk
A. Aortic arch
Rationale: The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the aortic arch before ascending to the larynx.
52
53. Which structure is located at the level of the sternal angle?
- A. Tracheal bifurcation
- B. Inferior vena cava
- C. Left main bronchus
- D. Thoracic duct
A. Tracheal bifurcation
Rationale: The trachea bifurcates into the right and left main bronchi at the level of the sternal angle.
53
54. Which structure passes through the esophageal hiatus?
- A. Inferior vena cava
- B. Aorta
- C. Thoracic duct
- D. Vagus nerve
D. Vagus nerve
Rationale: The vagus nerve, along with the esophagus, passes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.
54
55. Which valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?
- A. Tricuspid valve
- B. Pulmonary valve
- C. Mitral valve
- D. Aortic valve
C. Mitral valve
Rationale: The mitral valve (also known as the bicuspid valve) is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
55
56. Which structure is found in the anterior mediastinum?
- A. Aortic arch
- B. Thymus
- C. Pulmonary trunk
- D. Thoracic duct
B. Thymus
Rationale: The thymus is located in the anterior mediastinum.
56
57. Which vein drains into the left atrium?
- A. Superior vena cava
- B. Inferior vena cava
- C. Pulmonary vein
- D. Coronary sinus
C. Pulmonary vein
Rationale: The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs and drain into the left atrium of the heart.
57
58. The costodiaphragmatic recess is located between which structures?
- A. Parietal pleura and visceral pleura
- B. Diaphragm and liver
- C. Ribs and diaphragm
- D. Parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum
C. Ribs and diaphragm
Rationale: The costodiaphragmatic recess is a potential space between the ribs and the diaphragm, where the parietal pleura reflects onto the diaphragm.
58
59. Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the pulmonary veins?
- A. Right atrium
- B. Left atrium
- C. Right ventricle
- D. Left ventricle
B. Left atrium
Rationale: The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.
59
60. The thoracic duct drains into which venous system?
- A. Superior vena cava
- B. Inferior vena cava
- C. Right subclavian vein
- D. Left subclavian vein
D. Left subclavian vein
Rationale: The thoracic duct drains lymph into the left subclavian vein at its junction with the internal jugular vein.
60
1. Which structure is not a component of the portal triad?
- A. Hepatic artery
- B. Hepatic vein
- C. Portal vein
- D. Bile duct
B. Hepatic vein
Rationale: The portal triad consists of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct. The hepatic vein is not part of the portal triad; it drains blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava.
61
2. The inguinal ligament is formed by the aponeurosis of which muscle?
- A. External oblique
- B. Internal oblique
- C. Transversus abdominis
- D. Rectus abdominis
A. External oblique
Rationale: The inguinal ligament is formed by the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle.
62
3. Which structure passes through the inguinal canal in females?
- A. Spermatic cord
- B. Round ligament of the uterus
- C. Femoral artery
- D. Inferior epigastric artery
B. Round ligament of the uterus
Rationale: In females, the round ligament of the uterus passes through the inguinal canal.
63
4. Which artery supplies the midgut?
- A. Celiac trunk
- B. Superior mesenteric artery
- C. Inferior mesenteric artery
- D. Renal artery
B. Superior mesenteric artery
Rationale: The superior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the midgut, which includes parts of the small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, and part of the transverse colon.
64
5. The perineum is divided into two triangles by which structure?
- A. Ischial tuberosities
- B. Pubic symphysis
- C. Coccyx
- D. Perineal body
A. Ischial tuberosities
Rationale: The perineum is divided into the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle by an imaginary line connecting the ischial tuberosities.
65
6. The ureter crosses which structure to enter the pelvis?
- A. Inferior vena cava
- B. Iliac arteries
- C. Urethra
- D. Psoas major muscle
B. Iliac arteries
Rationale: The ureter crosses the iliac arteries (specifically the common iliac artery) to enter the pelvis.
66
7. Which muscle forms the majority of the pelvic diaphragm?
- A. Coccygeus
- B. Levator ani
- C. Obturator internus
- D. Piriformis
B. Levator ani
Rationale: The levator ani muscle group forms the majority of the pelvic diaphragm, providing support to pelvic organs.
67
8. Which vein is the main tributary to the portal vein?
- A. Inferior vena cava
- B. Splenic vein
- C. Renal vein
- D. Hepatic vein
B. Splenic vein
Rationale: The splenic vein, along with the superior mesenteric vein, is a main tributary to the portal vein, which carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.
68
9. The rectus sheath is formed by the aponeuroses of which muscles?
- A. External oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis
- B. Rectus abdominis and external oblique
- C. Internal oblique and transversus abdominis
- D. Psoas major and iliacus
A. External oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis
Rationale: The rectus sheath is formed by the aponeuroses of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles, enclosing the rectus abdominis muscle.
69
10. Which ligament contains the ovarian vessels?
- A. Broad ligament
- B. Suspensory ligament of the ovary
- C. Round ligament of the uterus
- D. Cardinal ligament
B. Suspensory ligament of the ovary
Rationale: The suspensory ligament of the ovary contains the ovarian vessels, providing blood supply to the ovaries.
70
11. Which structure is located in the deep perineal pouch in males?
- A. Prostate gland
- B. Bulbourethral glands
- C. Seminal vesicles
- D. Testes
B. Bulbourethral glands
Rationale: The bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands) are located in the deep perineal pouch in males.
71
12. The pectinate line in the anal canal marks the transition between which two types of epithelium?
- A. Squamous and cuboidal
- B. Columnar and squamous
- C. Cuboidal and columnar
- D. Transitional and squamous
B. Columnar and squamous
Rationale: The pectinate line in the anal canal marks the transition between the columnar epithelium of the rectum and the stratified squamous epithelium of the anal canal.
72
13. The arcuate line is found in which region of the abdomen?
- A. Epigastric region
- B. Hypogastric region
- C. Umbilical region
- D. Inguinal region
B. Hypogastric region
Rationale: The arcuate line is located in the lower part of the abdomen, below the umbilicus, and is part of the rectus sheath.
73
14. Which artery supplies the hindgut?
- A. Celiac trunk
- B. Superior mesenteric artery
- C. Inferior mesenteric artery
- D. Common iliac artery
C. Inferior mesenteric artery
Rationale: The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the hindgut, which includes the distal third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.
74
15. Which structure is found in the superficial perineal pouch?
- A. Urethra
- B. Ischiocavernosus muscle
- C. Internal pudendal vessels
- D. Rectum
B. Ischiocavernosus muscle
Rationale: The superficial perineal pouch contains structures such as the ischiocavernosus muscle, bulbospongiosus muscle, and superficial transverse perineal muscle.
75
16. The cremaster muscle is derived from which abdominal muscle?
- A. External oblique
- B. Internal oblique
- C. Transversus abdominis
- D. Rectus abdominis
B. Internal oblique
Rationale: The cremaster muscle is derived from the internal oblique muscle and plays a role in raising and lowering the testes.
76
17. Which structure forms the posterior boundary of the inguinal canal?
- A. Inguinal ligament
- B. External oblique aponeurosis
- C. Conjoint tendon
- D. Transversalis fascia
D. Transversalis fascia
Rationale: The posterior wall of the inguinal canal is formed by the transversalis fascia.
77
18. The sigmoid colon is primarily supplied by which artery?
- A. Superior mesenteric artery
- B. Inferior mesenteric artery
- C. Celiac trunk
- D. Middle colic artery
B. Inferior mesenteric artery
Rationale: The sigmoid colon is primarily supplied by branches of the inferior mesenteric artery.
78
19. Which structure is located in the renal hilum most anteriorly?
- A. Renal artery
- B. Renal vein
- C. Ureter
- D. Lymphatic vessels
B. Renal vein
Rationale: In the renal hilum, the renal vein is located most anteriorly, followed by the renal artery and then the ureter.
79
20. Which muscle forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle?
- A. Adductor longus
- B. Sartorius
- C. Iliopsoas
- D. Pectineus
B. Sartorius
Rationale: The sartorius muscle forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle.
80
21. The pelvic splanchnic nerves provide which type of innervation?
- A. Sympathetic
- B. Parasympathetic
- C. Sensory
- D. Motor
B. Parasympathetic
Rationale: The pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4) provide parasympathetic innervation to the pelvic organs, including the lower part of the large intestine, bladder, and reproductive organs.
81
22. The inferior epigastric artery is a branch of which vessel?
- A. External iliac artery
- B. Internal iliac artery
- C. Common iliac artery
- D. Abdominal aorta
A. External iliac artery
Rationale: The inferior epigastric artery branches off from the external iliac artery and ascends along the inner surface of the anterior abdominal wall.
82
23. Which structure forms the roof of the inguinal canal?
- A. Inguinal ligament
- B. External oblique aponeurosis
- C. Internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles
- D. Transversalis fascia
C. Internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles
Rationale: The roof of the inguinal canal is formed by the arching fibers of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles.
83
24. The uterine artery is a branch of which artery?
- A. Internal iliac artery
- B. External iliac artery
- C. Abdominal aorta
- D. Ovarian artery
A. Internal iliac artery
Rationale: The uterine artery, which supplies blood to the uterus, is a branch of the internal iliac artery.
84
25. The ischioanal fossa contains which structure?
- A. Urethra
- B. Pudendal nerve
- C. Obturator nerve
- D. Prostate gland
B. Pudendal nerve
Rationale: The ischioanal fossa contains the pudendal nerve, which provides sensory and motor innervation to the perineum.
85
26. Which ligament attaches the ovary to the uterus?
- A. Broad ligament
- B. Ovarian ligament
- C. Suspensory ligament of the ovary
- D. Round ligament of the uterus
B. Ovarian ligament
Rationale: The ovarian ligament attaches the ovary to the uterus, specifically connecting the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus.
86
27. The pampiniform plexus is associated with which structure?
- A. Spleen
- B. Kidney
- C. Testes
- D. Prostate gland
C. Testes
Rationale: The pampiniform plexus is a network of veins that drains the testes and helps regulate the temperature of the testes by cooling arterial blood before it enters the testes.
87
28. Which structure forms the floor of the femoral triangle?
- A. Adductor longus and pectineus
- B. Sartorius and gracilis
- C. Rectus femoris and iliopsoas
- D. Pectineus and iliopsoas
D. Pectineus and iliopsoas
Rationale: The floor of the femoral triangle is formed by the pectineus and iliopsoas muscles.
The femoral triangle is an anatomical region of the thigh defined by specific boundaries and structures.
- **Superior Boundary**: Inguinal ligament
- **Lateral Boundary**: Sartorius muscle
- **Medial Boundary**: Adductor longus muscle
- **Floor**: Composed of three muscles
- Iliopsoas
- Pectineus
- Adductor longus
- **Roof**: Skin and subcutaneous tissue
88
29. Which structure is not part of the pelvic inlet?
- A. Pubic symphysis
- B. Sacral promontory
- C. Arcuate line
- D. Ischial spine
D. Ischial spine
Rationale: The pelvic inlet (or pelvic brim) is formed by the pubic symphysis, sacral promontory, arcuate line, and pectineal line, but not the ischial spine, which is part of the pelvic outlet.
89
30. The renal pelvis drains into which structure?
- A. Ureter
- B. Minor calyx
- C. Major calyx
- D. Renal artery
A. Ureter
Rationale: The renal pelvis collects urine from the major calyces and funnels it into the ureter, which then carries urine to the bladder.
90
31. Which muscle is responsible for flexing the lumbar spine?
- A. Rectus abdominis
- B. Transversus abdominis
- C. External oblique
- D. Internal oblique
A. Rectus abdominis
Rationale: The rectus abdominis muscle is responsible for flexing the lumbar spine, as it pulls the ribcage towards the pelvis.
91
32. The pelvic brim is formed by which structure?
- A. Pubic crest
- B. Ischial tuberosity
- C. Arcuate line
- D. Obturator foramen
C. Arcuate line
Rationale: The pelvic brim is formed by the arcuate line, along with other structures such as the pubic crest, pectineal line, and sacral promontory.
92
33. Which nerve supplies the external anal sphincter?
- A. Sciatic nerve
- B. Pudendal nerve
- C. Femoral nerve
- D. Obturator nerve
B. Pudendal nerve
Rationale: The pudendal nerve provides motor innervation to the external anal sphincter, allowing for voluntary control of defecation.
93
34. Which structure forms the anterior boundary of the omental foramen (foramen of Winslow)?
- A. Inferior vena cava
- B. Portal vein
- C. Hepatic artery
- D. Bile duct
D. Bile duct
Rationale: The anterior boundary of the omental foramen is formed by the bile duct, along with the hepatic artery and portal vein (components of the hepatoduodenal ligament).
94
35. The cremasteric reflex involves which two structures?
- A. External oblique and internal oblique
- B. Internal oblique and genitofemoral nerve
- C. Transversus abdominis and ilioinguinal nerve
- D. Rectus abdominis and iliohypogastric nerve
B. Internal oblique and genitofemoral nerve
Rationale: The cremasteric reflex is mediated by the genitofemoral nerve and the cremaster muscle, which is derived from the internal oblique muscle.
95
36. Which part of the pancreas is in contact with the spleen?
- A. Head
- B. Neck
- C. Body
- D. Tail
D. Tail
Rationale: The tail of the pancreas is in contact with the spleen.
96
37. Which muscle forms the anterior wall of the rectus sheath above the arcuate line?
- A. External oblique
- B. Internal oblique
- C. Transversus abdominis
- D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Rationale: Above the arcuate line, the rectus sheath is formed by the aponeuroses of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles.
97
38. The superior rectal artery is a branch of which artery?
- A. Inferior mesenteric artery
- B. Superior mesenteric artery
- C. Internal iliac artery
- D. External iliac artery
A. Inferior mesenteric artery
Rationale: The superior rectal artery is the terminal branch of the inferior mesenteric artery and supplies the upper part of the rectum.
98
39. Which structure forms the lateral boundary of the ischioanal fossa?
- A. Obturator internus muscle
- B. Levator ani muscle
- C. Coccygeus muscle
- D. Gluteus maximus muscle
A. Obturator internus muscle
Rationale: The obturator internus muscle forms the lateral boundary of the ischioanal fossa.
99
40. The fundus of the gallbladder is located near which anatomical landmark?
- A. Right iliac crest
- B. Tip of the right 9th costal cartilage
- C. Tip of the right 7th costal cartilage
- D. Right anterior superior iliac spine
B. Tip of the right 9th costal cartilage
Rationale: The fundus of the gallbladder is located near the tip of the right 9th costal cartilage.
100
41. Which structure does not pass through the lesser sciatic foramen?
- A. Pudendal nerve
- B. Internal pudendal vessels
- C. Sciatic nerve
- D. Tendon of obturator internus
C. Sciatic nerve
Rationale: The sciatic nerve passes through the greater sciatic foramen, not the lesser sciatic foramen. The pudendal nerve, internal pudendal vessels, and tendon of obturator internus pass through the lesser sciatic foramen.
101
42. Which structure is found within the hepatoduodenal ligament?
- A. Portal vein
- B. Inferior vena cava
- C. Common hepatic duct
- D. Cystic duct
A. Portal vein
Rationale: The hepatoduodenal ligament contains the portal vein, hepatic artery, and common bile duct.
102
43. Which structure passes posterior to the inguinal ligament?
- A. Femoral nerve
- B. Round ligament of the uterus
- C. Spermatic cord
- D. Inferior epigastric artery
A. Femoral nerve
Rationale: The femoral nerve passes posterior to the inguinal ligament to enter the thigh.
103
44. The uterus is normally positioned in which orientation?
- A. Anteverted and anteflexed
- B. Anteverted and retroflexed
- C. Retroverted and anteflexed
- D. Retroverted and retroflexed
A. Anteverted and anteflexed
Rationale: The normal position of the uterus is anteverted (tilted forward) and anteflexed (bent forward).
104
45. The deep inguinal ring is an opening in which structure?
- A. External oblique aponeurosis
- B. Internal oblique muscle
- C. Transversus abdominis muscle
- D. Transversalis fascia
D. Transversalis fascia
Rationale: The deep inguinal ring is an opening in the transversalis fascia.
105
46. Which artery supplies the superior portion of the rectum?
- A. Inferior rectal artery
- B. Superior rectal artery
- C. Middle rectal artery
- D. Internal pudendal artery
B. Superior rectal artery
Rationale: The superior rectal artery, a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery, supplies the superior portion of the rectum.
106
47. Which structure forms the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?
- A. Inguinal ligament
- B. External oblique aponeurosis
- C. Conjoint tendon
- D. Transversalis fascia
D. Transversalis fascia
Rationale: The transversalis fascia forms the posterior wall of the intuitive canal.
107
48. Which artery is a direct branch of the abdominal aorta?
- A. Superior mesenteric artery
- B. Inferior mesenteric artery
- C. Renal artery
- D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Rationale: The superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, and renal artery are all direct branches of the abdominal aorta.
108
49. The dartos muscle is found in which structure?
- A. Scrotum
- B. Penis
- C. Urethra
- D. Testes
A. Scrotum
Rationale: The dartos muscle is a layer of smooth muscle found in the scrotum, responsible for wrinkling the scrotal skin.
109
50. Which ligament connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?
- A. Round ligament of the liver
- B. Falciform ligament
- C. Coronary ligament
- D. Triangular ligament
B. Falciform ligament
Rationale: The falciform ligament connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and the diaphragm.
