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ANA202 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What structures form the rib cage?

A

The rib cage is formed by:
* 12 thoracic vertebrae
* 12 pairs of ribs
* Sternum
* Costal cartilages

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2
Q

What is another name for the rib cage?

A

Thoracic cage

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3
Q

What are the main functions of the rib cage?

A

The rib cage:
* Protects vital organs (heart, lungs, great vessels)
* Assists in respiration
* Provides support for upper extremities
* Serves as an attachment point for muscles

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4
Q

What are the types of rib fractures?

A

Types of rib fractures:
* Non-displaced rib fractures
* Displaced rib fractures
* Complex rib fractures

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5
Q

What are common causes of rib fractures?

A

Common causes of rib fractures include:
* Blunt trauma
* Severe coughing
* Cancers
* Osteoporosis or osteopenia
* Automobile or bicycle accidents
* Falling from a height
* Physical attacks

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6
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of rib fractures?

A

Signs and symptoms include:
* Strong pain in the chest area
* Swelling or tenderness around affected ribs
* Bruising or discoloration
* Difficulty in taking deep breaths
* Shortness of breath
* Feeling or hearing a crack

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7
Q

How can rib fractures be diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis methods for rib fractures include:
* Physical examination
* X-ray
* CT Scan
* MRI
* Bone Scan

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8
Q

What is the role of a bone scan in diagnosing rib fractures?

A

A bone scan views cracked bones or stress fractures using a small amount of radioactive material

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9
Q

What are common treatments for rib fractures?

A

Common treatments include:
* Use of an incentive spirometer
* Rest
* Analgesia
* Breathing exercises
* Internal fixation
* Bone grafting
* Intercostal nerve blocks

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10
Q

What preventive measures can be taken to avoid rib fractures?

A

Preventive measures include:
* Wearing seatbelts
* Using protective equipment during activities
* Following a diet and exercise plan for bone health
* Using a cane or walker if at risk for falls

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11
Q

What is the articulation of the sternocostal joints?

A

Sternocostal joints articulate between:
* The costal notches of the sternum
* The corresponding sternal ends of the first seven costal cartilages

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12
Q

What type of joint are sternocostal joints?

A

Sternocostal joints are synovial plane joints

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13
Q

What is the function of costal cartilages?

A

Costal cartilages prolong the ribs forward and contribute to the elasticity of the thorax walls

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14
Q

What are the types of costal joints?

A

Types of costal joints include:
* Sternocostal joints
* Costochondral joints
* Interchondral joints
* Costovertebral joints

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15
Q

What characterizes costochondral joints?

A

Costochondral joints are primary cartilaginous joints and immobile

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16
Q

What are the movements allowed by interchondral joints?

A

Interchondral joints allow slight gliding movements

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17
Q

What are costovertebral joints responsible for?

A

Costovertebral joints allow slight gliding and rotational movements of the vertebral ends of the ribs

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18
Q

What is the blood supply for costovertebral joints?

A

Blood supply is provided by:
* Supreme intercostal artery
* 1st-10th posterior intercostal arteries

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19
Q

What muscles act on costovertebral joints?

A

The muscles of respiration, including:
* Respiratory diaphragm
* Intercostal muscles

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20
Q

What is the main role of the rib cage?

A

The rib cage encircles the chest cavity and protects vital organs

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: The rib cage comprises _______ pairs of ribs.

A

12

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22
Q

True or False: The rib cage assists in respiration.

A

True

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23
Q

What are costovertebral joints?

A

Connections between the rib’s articular facet and the corresponding vertebra’s body.

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24
Q

What are costotransverse joints?

A

Connections between the articular facet on the tubercle of the rib and the transverse process of its equivalent vertebra.

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25
What structures reinforce the costotransverse joints?
Superior and lateral costotransverse ligaments and accessory ligaments.
26
True or False: Costochondritis is a condition related to rib joints.
True
27
What happens to costal cartilages with age?
They lose elasticity, become brittle, and may undergo calcification.
28
What supplies the intercostal spaces with blood?
Intercostal arteries.
29
How many intercostal arteries supply each intercostal space?
Three, with the exception of the 10th and 11th intercostal spaces.
30
Where do the posterior intercostal arteries of the 1st and 2nd intercostal spaces arise from?
The supreme (superior) intercostal artery.
31
Where do the posterior intercostal arteries of the 3rd–11th intercostal spaces arise from?
Thoracic aorta.
32
What do the posterior intercostal arteries supply?
Spinal cord, vertebral column, back muscles, and skin.
33
Where do the anterior intercostal arteries supply blood?
Anterior parts of the upper 9 intercostal spaces.
34
What are the two main drainage systems for lymph from the lungs?
Bronchoarterial and interlobular septal connective tissue.
35
What is the thoracic duct?
The main drainage system for the majority of lymph from both lungs.
36
What does the left superior intercostal vein typically drain into?
Left brachiocephalic vein.
37
What is the relationship between the internal thoracic arteries and the internal thoracic veins?
The internal thoracic veins are companion veins of the internal thoracic arteries.
38
Fill in the blank: The right lymphatic duct drains the great majority of lymph from both lungs, while the _______ drains the apical portion of the left lung.
thoracic duct
39
What is the clinical significance of the sternal angle?
It is a landmark for counting ribs and locating thoracic structures.
40
What may happen to the xiphoid process during CPR?
It may be broken and lacerate the liver.
41
What are the components of the respiratory tract's lymphoid tissues?
Tonsils, adenoids, nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT).
42
What is the primary function of the nasal cavity?
To filter, warm, and humidify the air we breathe. ## Footnote The nasal cavity also plays a role in olfaction (sense of smell) and resonance of speech.
43
What are the paranasal air sinuses?
Air-filled spaces within the bones of the skull that are connected to the nasal cavity. ## Footnote They include the frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses.
44
What is the thoracic cage composed of?
Ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae. ## Footnote It protects the organs within the thorax and supports the upper body.
45
What structures are included in the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. ## Footnote The pharynx serves both respiratory and digestive systems.
46
What is the role of the larynx?
To produce sound and protect the trachea against food aspiration. ## Footnote It contains the vocal cords.
47
What is the function of the trachea?
To provide a clear airway for air to enter and exit the lungs. ## Footnote The trachea divides into the left and right bronchi.
48
What is the pleura?
A double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs. ## Footnote It consists of the visceral pleura (inner layer) and parietal pleura (outer layer).
49
What is the purpose of surfactant in the lungs?
To reduce surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse. ## Footnote Surfactant is crucial for normal respiratory function.
50
What is hyaline membrane disease?
A condition caused by insufficient surfactant production in premature infants. ## Footnote It leads to respiratory distress syndrome.
51
What does embryology refer to in the context of the respiratory system?
The study of the development of the respiratory structures from conception to birth. ## Footnote It includes the formation of the lungs and airways.
52
What is the mediastinum?
The area between the lungs that contains the heart, great vessels, and other structures. ## Footnote It is divided into anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum.
53
What is the composition of thoracic vertebrae?
Twelve vertebrae labeled T1 to T12 in the mid-back region. ## Footnote They articulate with the ribs and support the thoracic cage.
54
What is the primary function of the diaphragm?
To facilitate breathing by contracting and relaxing to change thoracic volume. ## Footnote It is the main muscle of respiration.
55
What is histology?
The study of the microscopic structure of tissues. ## Footnote It is important for understanding the cellular composition of the respiratory system.
56
What are respiratory movements?
The processes of inhalation and exhalation. ## Footnote They involve the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
57
What does surface anatomy refer to?
The study of external features of the body. ## Footnote It helps in locating internal structures during physical examinations.
58
What is radiological anatomy?
The study of the body structures using imaging techniques such as X-rays and MRIs. ## Footnote It is essential for diagnosing medical conditions.
59
What is the blood supply to the lungs?
The pulmonary arteries and veins. ## Footnote The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while veins return oxygenated blood to the heart.
60
What is lymphatic drainage in the respiratory system?
The process by which excess fluid and waste products are removed from lung tissues. ## Footnote It is crucial for maintaining fluid balance and immune function.
61
What is clinical anatomy?
The application of anatomical knowledge to clinical practice. ## Footnote It aids in understanding disease processes and performing medical procedures.
62

Respiratory Anatomy (1 decks)

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