Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Haematology > Anaemia > Flashcards

Anaemia Flashcards

(79 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the most common type of anaemia?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the appearance of RBCs in iron deficiency anaemia?

A

Hypochromic microcytic RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Other than iron deficiency anaemia, what can cause hypochromic microcytic RBCs?

A

Thalassaemia
Anaemia of. chronic disease
Sideroblastic anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How saturated with iron is transferrin in iron deficiency anaemia?

A

15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Low serum ferritin is always an indication of…?

A

Low RES iron stores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why might. serum ferritin be normal despite iron deficiency anaemia?

A

In states of inflammation because serum ferritin is an acute phase protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe some physical clinical manifestations of iron deficiency?

A

Koilonychia
Atrophic glossitis
Angular stomatitis
Oesophageal web

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the possible causes. of iron deficiency anaemia?

A

Dietary iron
Malabsorption
Blood loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In men and post-menopausal women you must assume that iron deficiency anaemia is caused by what until proven otherwise?

A

GI blood loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In young women, what is the most common cause of iron deficiency anaemia?

A

Blood loss due to menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What condition can cause GI blood loss resulting in iron deficiency anaemia without GI symptoms?

A

Caecal carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What conditions can cause GI blood loss resulting in iron deficiency anaemia with GI symptoms?

A

Peptic ulcers
Diveticulitis
Carcinoma of the sigmoid colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is iron deficiency anaemia treated?

A

Iron replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What tablets can be used to treated iron deficiency anaemia?

A

Ferrous sulphate

Serous gluconate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In what cases might 1G IV iron be used to treat iron deficiency anaemia?

A

Intolerance to oral iron
Lack of. compliance with treatment
Renal anaemia and EPO replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What form of anaemia is caused by a failure of iron utilisation where the iron becomes trapped in the RES?

A

Anaemia of chronic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What laboratory values would be expected in anaemia of chronic disease?

A 
MCV/MCH is normal
ESR is high
Ferritin is normal or high
Iron is low
Total iron binding capacity is low
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is mean corpuscle volume?

A

Measure of the volume of red blood cells present in an FBC i.e. how big the RBCs are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is mean corpuscular haemoglobin?

A

Measure of the average mass. of haemoglobin per RBC e.g. what colour the RBC is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where there is raised ESR in anaemia of chronic disease , what is the appearance of RBCs?

A

Rouleux - stacked coin appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the causes of anaemia of chronic disease?

A

RES iron blockade where iron becomes trapped in macrophages and raised levels of hepcidin
Reduced EPO response
Depression bone marrow activity due to cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is anaemia of chronic disease treated?

A

By treating the underlying condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In what stages of erythropoiesis does haem synthesis take place?

A

Proerythroblast to reticulocyte stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many genes exist for the alpha globin genes of haemoglobin?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How many genes exist for the beta globin genes of haemoglobin?
2
26
On which chromosomes are the alpha globin genes present?
Chromosome 16
27
On which chromosomes are the beta globin genes present?
Chromosome 11
28
How many alpha globin genes need to be missing before significant anaemia occurs?
3
29
How many alpha globin genes need to be missing before asymptomatic anaemia occurs?
2
30
What is the result of four missing alpha globin genes?
This is incompatible with life
31
What is HbH disease?
The result of three missing alpha globin chains, causing a relative excess of beta chains which join together
32
What treatment is required for three missing alpha globin genes?
Blood transfusion during periods of stress.
33
In which group of people. is beta thalassaemia more common?
People from central countries near the equator
34
What is the name of the condition in which there is at least one missing alpha globin gene?
Alpha thalassaemia
35
What type of inheritance is exhibited by major beta thalassaemia?
Autosomal recessive
36
Iron overload is not significant in patients with major. beta thalassaemia. T/F?
False. - iron overload has a major effect on life expectancy in these patients
37
What is the result of major beta thalassaemia?
Inability to make adult haemoglobin Significant dyserythropoiesis Transfusion dependent from early life
38
What is the name of the condition in which both copies of the beta globin gene are missing?
Major beta thalassaemia
39
In which part of the world is sickle cell anaemia most common?
West Africa
40
What type of inheritance is displayed by sickle cell disease?
Autosomal recessive
41
In Hb SS sickle. cell disease there is substitution of glutamine for...?
Valine
42
In Hb SC sickle. cell disease there is substitution of glutamine for...?
Lysine
43
What are the results of sickle cell disease?
Haemolysis | Vast-occlusion causing tissue hypoxia and infarction
44
What effect does sickle cell disease have on the brain?
Stroke | Moya moya
45
What effect does sickle cell disease have on the lungs?
Acute chest syndrome | Pulmonary hypertension
46
What effect does sickle cell disease have on the bones?
Dactilytis | Osteonecrosis
47
What effect does sickle cell disease have on the spleen?
Hyposplenic
48
What effect does sickle cell disease have on the kidneys?
Loss of concentration / infarction
49
What effect does sickle cell disease have on the male GU system?
Priapism
50
What effect does sickle cell disease have on the eyes?
Vascular retinopathy
51
What effect does sickle cell disease have on the placenta?
IUGR | Foetal loss
52
How can crises be prevented in sickle cell disease?
``` Hydration Analgesia Early intervention Prophylactic vaccination Antibiotics Folic acid ```
53
How can crises be managed in sickle cell disease?
``` Oxygen Fluids Analgesia Antibiotics Specialist care Transfusion ```
54
What is the lifespan of RBCs in a compensated haemolytic sate?
20-100 days
55
What is the lifespan of RBCs in haemolytic anaemia?
<20 days
56
What kind of inheritance does hereditary spherocytosis exhibit?
Autosomal dominant
57
What are the potential causes of a hyposplenic state?
Pneumococcus, meningococcus, haemophillus, immunisations and long term penicillin
58
What type of anaemia is caused by a deficiency of pyruvate kinase?
Extravascular haemolytic anaemia
59
Pyruvate kinase deficiency causing extravascular haemolytic anaemia exhibits what kind of inheritance?
Autosomal recessive
60
In Glucose 6 phosphate. deficiency there. is. acute haemolysis from. oxidative stress. What kind of inheritance is exhibited in this condition?
X-linked recessive
61
Which antibody mediates cold autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?
IgM
62
Cold autoimmune haemolytic anaemia can be idiopathic or a result of. infection with...?
Mycoplasma
63
Which antibody mediates warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?
IgG
64
Cephalopsorins can cause severe haemolysis. T/F?
True
65
How is warm. autoimmune haemolytic anaemia treated?
Stopping any causative drugs Steroids Immunosuppression Splenectomy
66
The red cell life span would have to be decreased to what level before anaemia develops?
<15-20 days
67
What is the difference between intravascular and extravascular haemolysis?
Intravascular - destruction of RBCs occurring directly in the circulation, almost always pathological Extravascular- destruction of RBCs occurring with the RES of the spleen, liver and bone marrow which can be physiological
68
What are the possible causes of intravascular haemolysis?
Red cell fragmentation syndromes e.g. RBC breakdown by defective mechanical heart valves ABO incompatible blood transfusion Malaria Cold Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
69
Warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia causes intravascular haemolysis. T/F?
False - it causes extravascular haemolysis
70
What are the secondary causes of cold autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?
``` Infection - mycoplasma pneumoniae Infectious mononucleosis Lymphoproliferative disorders SLE RA Penicillin or other drugs ```
71
In what type of haemolysis is their anaemia, reticulocytosis, raised unconjugated bilirubin, haemoglobinaemia, haemoglobinuria and haemosiderinuria?
Intravascular haemolysis
72
How is warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia treated?
Corticosteroids Blood transfusion Folic acid Splenectomy
73
What are the long-term risks associated with splenectomy?
Infection with encapsulated organisms such as streptococcus pneumonia, haemophilia influenzas and neisseria meningitidis
74
Why is folic acid required in the treatment of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?
There is an increased in production of RBCs to try to compensate for haemolysis. This uses up lots of folate, of which the body has very small stores.
75
Macrocytic anaemia is most likely due to...?
Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency
76
Microcytic anaemia is most likely due to...?
Iron deficiency anaemia
77
Normocytic anaemia is most likely due to...?
Haemolytic anaemia or leukaemia
78
Describe the direct Coombs test
An IgM antibody is directed at an antibody on the red cell to cause agglutination of the red cells and a clump forms. This indicates the presence of the antibody on the red cell and confirms autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
79
What is the indirect Coombs test used for?
To look for the presence of an antibody in the plasma before transfusion

Haematology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions