Anaemia Flashcards by Sandy 27

What are some of the main symptoms of anaemia?

Fatigue 
Restless legs
Dysponea 
Pallor
Hair loss 
Dizziness 
Headaches 
Tinnitus

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What are some of the main signs of anaemia?

Glossitis (tongue inflammation)
Angular stomatitis 
Conjunctival pallor
Koiknychia 
Jaundice

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What are the main investigations to do for anaemia?

Blood films
FBC
Ferritin levels 
RTC
Vit. B12 &amp; folate levels 
DAGT (Coombs test)

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What does MCV stand for and what does it tell you?

Mean corpuscular volume

Tells you the volume of the RBCs, so you can find out if it’s micro, normo or macrocytic

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What does MCH stand for and what does it show you?

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

Shows the Hb content of the RBCs

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If a blood film comes back that shows microcytic but normoblastic anemia, what should you check that the patient has taken?

Alcohol

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What is the function of Glucose-6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD)?

Prevents oxidative damage when RBCs are metabolised

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What is the function of folate?

Increases the production of RBCs

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What is the function of the protein Ankyrin?

Maintains RBC’s membrane

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What does Iron do in relation to Hb?

Allows oxygen to bind to it

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How many chains does Hb have?

2x alpha chains and 2x beta chains

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What chromosome number produces the 2 alpha chains of Hb?

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What chromosome number produces the 2 beta chains of Hb?

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Why a intrinsic factor important in amemias?

As you need it to absorb vit. B12

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What protein transports iron from the duodenum (oral iron obvs) to the blood?

Ferroprotein

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What chemical transports iron from the blood to the liver, after ferroprotein transports it from the duodenum into the blood?

Transferrin

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Which chemical stores iron in the liver?

Ferritin

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What happens to Fe levels due to hepicidin?

Decreases

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What chemicals are responsible for:

A. Transporting iron from duodenum to blood

B. Transporting iron from blood to liver

C. Stores iron in the liver

A. Ferroprotein

B. Transferrin

C. Ferritin

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Give 2 bacterial infections that cause of anaemia?

Brucella

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Give 2 examples of viral infections that cause anaemia

EBV

CMV

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Give 3 examples of parasitic infections that cause anaemia.

Malaria
Schistomiasis
Leishmaniasis

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Give examples of the following infections that can cause anaemia:

A. Bacterial
B. Viral
C. Parasitic

A. TB and Brucella

B. EBV and CMV

C. Malaria, schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis

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Give an example of a connective tissue disease that can cause anaemia

SLE

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What is the name of a storage pool disorder than can cause anaemia?

Gaucher’s disease

What are the 2 man broad types of anaemia?

Acquired and congenital

What common stationary utensil are microcytic RBCs suppose to look similar to?

Pencils

What is the main test to do for an acquired anaemia?

Blood film

If tests to you do for the following blood film results: A. Microcytic and hypochromic B. Normocytic and normochromic C. Macrocytic and macrochronic

A. Ferritin levels B. Reticulocyte count C. Vit. B12 and folate levels

What are potential causes of anaemia if the ferritin levels of a microcytic and hypochromic anaemia are: A. Increased or normal B. Decreased

A. Secondary anaemia or thalassemia B. Fe deficiency anaemia

What are potential causes of anaemia if the reticulocyte count (RTC) of a normocytic and normochromic anaemia are: A. Increased B. Decreased/normal

A. Haemolysis or acute blood loss B. Secondary anaemia

What are potential causes of a macrocytic and hyperchromic anaemia that show RBCs that are: A. Megaloblastic B. Non-megaloblastic

A. Vit. B12 or folate deficiency B. Myelodysplasia or methotrexate use

Apart from showing non-megalobastic, macrocytic and hyperchromic cell’s on a blood film, what are some other signs of myleodysplasia on a blood film?

RBCs aniscytosis (unequal sizes) Hypogranular neutrophils

What is the most common cause of anaemia?

Fe deficiency

How is Fe deficiency treated?

Oral or IV iron Dietary changes Treating the cause

If a female is having anaemia but is still having periods, should you refer to GI to check for a peptic ulcer?

Nah mate

What are some of the causes of Fe deficiency anaemia?

``` Peptic ulcer Gastritis Menorrhagia Malabsorption Pregnancy Poor dietary Fe intake (vegan baby) ```

What are the 2 different types of MCV for secondary anaemia and what is the most common?

Microcytic Normocytic (most common)

How would you treat Vit. B12 deficiency anaemia?

Vit. B12 or folate supplements

If you’ve just diagnosed that the anaemia is due to a Vit. B12 or folate deficiency, do you give them both Vit. B12 and folate supplements?

Yes, as you’ve got no idea what the diagnosis is yet bruv

If an anaemic patient complains of pins and needles and feels like they are walking on cotton wool, what is the likely cause of their anaemia?

Vit. B12 or folate deficiency

What are some causes of Vit. B12 deficiency?

Pernicious anaemia | GI disease

What are some causes of folate deficiency anemia?

Dietary issues | Hemolysis

Pernicious anaemia is the most common cause of Vit. B12 deficiency. How long does it take to develop?

Around 1-2 years Gradual development

What causes pernicious anaemia?

Antibodies against intrinsic factor and parietal cells

How is pernicious anaemia treated?

IM Vit. B12 injections

What are the 2 types of pernicious anaemia?

Type 1- B12 can’t bind to intrinsic factor Type 2- B12 can’t be absorbed at the distal ileum

For type 2 pernicious anaemia, where in the GI tract can B12 no longer be absorbed?

Distal ileum

What is the main cause of haemolytic anaemia?

Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

Apart from autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, what are some of the other causes of haemolytic anaemia?

ABO mismatch Sickle cell G6PD deficiency Infections

What type of congenital anaemia is haemolytic anaemia associated with?

Hereditary spherocytosis

What respiratory disease is haemolytic anaemia associated with?

Pneumonia

What is the main test to do for haemolytic anaemia?

Direct Anti-Globulin Test (DAGT)

What is the old fashioned name for DAGT?

Coombs test

What are the two types of haemolytic anaemia?

Non-immune and intravascular Immune and extravascular

Is intravascular and extravascular haemolytic anaemia immune or non-immune?

Intra= Non-immune Extra= Immune

What is the function of a DAGT?

Differentiates between immune and non-immune haemolytic anaemia

If a DAGT is positive, is the haemolytic anaemia immune or non-immune?

Immune

If a DAGT is negative, is the haemolytic anaemia immune or non-immune?

Non-immune

What do you check for after you diagnose immune, extravascular haemolytic anaemia?

Warm antibodies Cold antibodies Alloantibodies

For a case of haemolytic anaemia that’s DAGT +ve, if warm antibodies are present, what are the potential causes?

Autoimmune disease CLL Drugs

For a case of haemolytic anaemia that’s DAGT +ve, if cold antibodies are present, what are the potential causes?

Cold Haem-agglition Disease (CHAD)

For a case of haemolytic anaemia that’s DAGT +ve, if alloantibodies are present, what are the potential causes?

Transfusion reaction

What are some of the causes of nonimmune, intravascular haemolytic anaemia?

Haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

On a blood film, what do the RBCs look like for non-immune haemolytic anaemia?

Fragments

Congenital anaemia are due to 3 different types of defects. What are the 3?

Defects in: RBCs membrane RBCs metabolism Haemoglobin

What type of congenital anaemia occurs due to a defect in the RBC’s membrane?

Hereditary spherocytosis

What type of inheritance is hereditary spherocytosis?

Autosomal dominant

What type of congenital anaemia is due to a defect in RBC metabolism?

G6PD deficiency

What mode of inheritance is G6PD deficiency?

X-linked recessive

What 2 types of congenital anaemia is due to a defect in haemoglobin?

Sickle cell disease (SCD) | Thalassaemia

What mode of inheritance are both sickle cell and thalassaemia?

Autosomal recessive

What are some of the classic clinical features (other than anaemia symptoms) of congenital anaemias?

Jaundice Splenomegaly Pigmented gallstones

What sorta gallstones commonly occur along with congenital anaemias?

Pigmented gallstones

Can G6PD deficiency occur in girls?

Nah only boys cause it’s X-linked recessive, so since boys only have one X chromosome they’re buggered Bros before hoes

What shape are the RBCs in hereditary spherocytosis?

Spheres (who would’ve ducking thought)

What does G6PD stand for?

Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Why does a deficiency in G6PD cause anaemia?

As G6PD protects RBCs from oxidative damage

What parasitic infection are suffers of G6PD protected from?

Malaria

On a blood film (morphological features) of G6PD deficiency?

Bite cells (Suarez) Blister cells (DofE)

What are the 2 main triggers of G6PD deficiency?

DKA Fava beans

What sorta beans can trigger G6PD deficiency?

Fava

For Vit. B12 deficiency, how long would you give the IM Vit. B12 injections?

Every 3 months

Give examples of the GI causes that result in microcytic anaemia.

Oesophageal varices Peptic-ulcers Haemorrhoids IBD

Give examples of the non-GI causes that result in microcytic anaemia.

Menorrhagia (main) Dysfunctional uterine bleeding Epitstaxis Renal carcinoma

What is the commonest cause of Fe deficiency in woman?

Menorrhagia

Malabsorption can cause Fe deficinency anaemia, what can cause this?

Coeliacs

What must you always consider when Fe deficiency anaemia is likely?

Thalassemia | although the ferritin level will be sound ehhhh

When would you suspect thalassemia?

Microcytic & hypochromic anaemia Normal ferritin levels African

Alcohol excess causes what type of anaemia?

Macrocytic

What drug is given to treat Fe deficieincy anaemia to boost Fe levels?

Ferrous sulphate

How may hereditary spherocytosis, or any congenital anaemia for that matter, first present?

Neonatal jaundice

Anaemia Flashcards

(92 cards)