Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medicine > Anaemia and Sickle Cell Disease > Flashcards

Anaemia and Sickle Cell Disease Flashcards

(52 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Define anemia

A

This is defined as a low haemoglobin concentration and may be due to either a low red cell mass or increased plasma volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is considered low HB concentration in females ?

A

<11.5g/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is considered low Hb concentration in males?

A

<13.5g/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 6 symptoms of anaemia

A

Fatigue
Dizziness
Tinnitus
Dyspneoa
Palpitations
Chest pain (with pre existing CAD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What Hb concentration is considered severe anaemia?

A

<8.0g/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List a few signs of severe anaemia that can be observed in the Cardiovascular Clinical Examination

A

Hyperdynamic Circulation signs
- Tachycardia
- Flow murmurs
- cardiac enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List 4 types of anaemia in relation to the Mean Cell Volume

A

Low MCV- microcytic anemia
Normal MCV (normocytic anaemia)
High MCV (macrocytic anemia)
Haemolytic Anemias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the normal mean rbc cell volume

A

84-96fl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

FUN QUESTION

How many fl make a litre

A

10 to the power of 15
1 000 000 000 000 000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Low MCV corresponds with a mean cell Hb (MCH) of what value?

A

<27pg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List 3 causes of Low MCV anaemia

A

Iron-deficiency anaemia
Thalassaemia
Sideroblast anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List 6 causes of Normal MCV anaemia

A

Acute Blood Loss
Anaemia of chronic disease
Bone marrow failure
Renal Failure (low erythropoietin production)
Pregnancy
Hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What will serum iron, ferritin and total iron-binding capacity show in Thalassemia and Sideroblastic Anaemia

A

Iron increase
Ferritin increase
TIBC decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List 4 causes of high MCV (macrocytic anaemia)

A

B12 or folate deficiency
Alcohol excess/Liver disease
Reticulocytosis
Marrow infiltration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define sickle-cell anaemia

A

This is an autosomal recessive disorder causing production of abnormal B globin chains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the amino acid substitution in the gene coding for B chain in Sickle Cell Anaemia?

A

Glutamate is substituted by Valine at position 6 on chromosome 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The substitution of glutamate on the B chain with valine at postion 6 results in the production of what type of Haemoglobin ?

A

HBS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the genotype for a sickle cell anaemia

A

HbSS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the genotype for sickle cell trait

A

HbAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the phenotype for HbSS

A

Sickle cell disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the phenotype for HbAS

Study These Flashcards
A

Sickle-cell trait

22
Q

Under which conditions would a person with Sickle -cell trait cause symptoms/disabilty

Study These Flashcards
A

Hypoxia: anaesthesia, high altitude

23
Q

Describe in one sentence the pathogenesis of HbS

Study These Flashcards
A

HbS polymerizes when deoxygenated, causing RBCs to deform, producing sickle cells, which are fragile and haemolyse, and also block small vessels.

24
Q

What is the prevalence of Sickle Cell anaemia in African heritage

25
Which tests are done to diagnose Sickle Cell disease
CBC : Hb = 6.0-9.0g/dL inc. reticulocytes U and E : inc. bilirubin Sickle Solubility Test Hb Electrophoresis: Gold standard
26
what is the Gold standard for detecting sickle cell disease and why?
Hb Electropheresis Confirms the diagnosis and distinguishes HbSS and HbAS states
27
What is the disadvantage of the Sickle Solubility Test in diagnosing Sickle Cell Disease?
It does not distinguish between HbSS and HbAS
28
List 3 crisis that can occur in Sickle Cell Disease
Vaso-occlusive crisis Aplastic Crisis Sequestration Crisis
29
What triggers Vaso-occlusive crisis in anaemia
Cold dehydration infection hypoxia
30
Vaso-occlusive crisis often affects where in the body causing severe pain?
Marrow
31
If <3yrs and hands are affected by the vaso-occlusive crisis, what is the result
Dactylitis
32
CNS infarcts occur in 10% of children and can lead to
Stroke seizures cognitive defects
33
In vaso-occlusive crisis what can be used to asses the risk of impending stroke
Doppler Ultrasonography
34
What therapy/treatment can be done to prevent stroke in children with vaso-occlusive disease?
Transfusion, as the HbS is reduced
35
What microb causes aplastic crisis in sickle cell disease persons ?
Parvovirus B19
36
What is the effect of parvovirus B19 in perons with sickle celll disease?
Decreased marrow production, especially RBCs (aplastic crisis)
37
What is sequestration crisis?
Pooling of blood in the spleen +/- liver , with organomegaly, severe anaemia and hypovolemic shock.
38
What is the management for patients with sequestration crisis?
Blood transfusion needed
39
List 7 complications of sickle cell disease
Splenic infarct Poor growth Chronic Renal Failure Gallstones Retinal Disease Iron Overload Lung Damage
40
At what age do splenic infarcts occur in children with sickle cell disease ?
<2yrs
41
What is the main complication of splenic infarct in children with sickle cell disease
inc. susceptibility to infection
42
How does Sickle Cell Disease lead to lung damage?
Hypoxia>fibrosis>pulmonary hypertension
43
Lung damage secondary to sickle cell disease can be partially prevented by what therapy?
Incentive Spirometry
44
What is the drug management for a person with frequent crisis in sickle cell disease?
Hydroxyurea/ Hydroxycarbamide (Siklos)
45
What class of drug is Hydroxyurea?
Anti metabolites
46
How does hydroxyurea assist in Sickle Cell Disease Crisis?
Hydroxyurea raises the amount of fetal haemoglobin in red blood cells, thereby reducing sickling.
47
What are the 7 steps in management of sickle cell crises?
1)Analgesia eg. IV opiates 2)Crossmatch blood. CBC, reticulocytes, blood cx, mid stream urine. 3)Rehydrate with IV fluids and keep warm. 4) O2 by mask if SPO2 <95% 5)Broad spectrum antibiotics if Temp. >38oC 6)Measure PCV, reticulocytes, liver, and spleen bd 7) Give blood transfusion if HB or reticulocytes fall sharply
48
What is Acute Chest Syndrome in sickle Cell Crises?
Entails pulmonary infiltrates involving complete lung segments, causing pain, fever, tachypnoea, wheeze, and cough.
49
What are the chief causes of infiltrates in Acute Chest Syndrome in Sickle Cell Crisis?
Fat Embolism (from bone marrow) Infection (with Chlamydia, Mycoplasma)
50
What is the treatment of acute Chest Syndrome ?
O2 analgesia broad spec. antibiotics bronchodilators (salbutamol)
51
What is sideroblastic anemia
If you have sideroblastic anemia, you have anemia from lack of red blood cells and too much iron in your system because your body's not making use of iron in your red blood cells
52
What is thalassemia
Thalassemia is an inherited (i.e., passed from parents to children through genes) blood disorder caused when the body doesn't make enough of a protein called hemoglobin

Medicine (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions