Anaesthetics

Question 1

What are the causes of airway obstruction?

Answer 1

Vomit/ Tongue
Angioedema

Laryngospams

Epiglotitis

Tumours

Trauma

Question 2

How many breaths per minute is normal?

Answer 2

12

Question 3

What volume of air is tidal volume?

Answer 3

500 ml

Question 4

What is total lung capacity?

Answer 4

6 Litres

Question 5

What volume of air is normal functional residual capacity?

Answer 5

2.5 L

Question 6

What is functional residual capacity?

Answer 6

Amount of air left behind after tidal volume

Question 7

In obese patients, what lung volume is reduced?

Answer 7

Functional residual capacity

Question 8

Describe what the terms “variable” and “fixed” are used for when describing oxygen masks?

Answer 8

Variable - Unable to determine the amount of oxygen administered

Fixed - Able to determine the amount of oxygen administered

Question 9

What is the maximum amount of oxygen that can be put into nasal speculums?

Answer 9

4 Litres

Question 10

What type of mask is a Hudson mask?

Answer 10

Variable performance mask

Question 11

What type of mask is a non-rebreather mask?

Answer 11

Fixed performance mask

Question 12

What is this ? What is its use?

Answer 12

Guedel airway (oropharyngeal airway)

Used to open airway and depress tongue

Question 13

How is a guedel oropharygenal airway inserted?

Answer 13

Reverse side first, then turned around

Question 14

What is this?

Answer 14

Nasopharyngeal airway

Question 15

What is an “LMA” and what is its use?

Answer 15

Laryngeal mask airway

Sits over the laryngeal inlet - keeping open and supplies oxygen

Question 16

What is an “igel”?

Answer 16

Supraglottic airway

Sits above laryngeal inlet

Question 17

What is used to guide endotracheal tube placement through vocal cords?

Answer 17

Laryngoscope

Question 18

What is an example of a definitive airway?

Answer 18

Endotracheal tube

Question 19

What factors make intubation difficult?

Answer 19

Airway obstruction

Kids

Hyperbarric patients

Beards

Rotten teeth

TMJ dysfunction

Jaw fracture

Receeding jaw

Question 20

What is caprogrpahy?

Answer 20

Measurement of CO2 from endotracheal tube

Shows that tube is placed in the correct place

Shows that there is normal cardiac output

Question 21

How would a patient who could not normally be intubated be intubated?

Answer 21

Awake fiberoptic endoscope

Question 22

What airway manoeuvre should be used if there is a queried C spine fracture

Answer 22

Jaw thrust

Question 23

What airway manoeuvre should be done to open the airway of a normal patient?

Answer 23

Head tilt chin lift

Question 24

What are the three pilars of anaesthesia?

Answer 24

Hyponosis

Muscle relaxation

Analgesia

Question 25

How is cardiac output calculated?

Answer 25

CO = Stroke volume X Heart rate

Question 26

What is normal cardiac output?

Answer 26

4-8 L per minute

Question 27

Where is spinal anaesthesia injected?

Answer 27

L3/L4 Injected into the subarachnoid space

Question 28

What is epidural injected into?

Answer 28

Epidural space (vertebral canal)

Question 29

What does an epidural needle pass through?

Answer 29

Supraspinous Interspinous Ligamentum flavum Epidural space

Question 30

What does a spinal needle pass through?

Answer 30

Supraspinous Interspinous Ligamentum flavum Dura matter

Question 31

What makes CSF?

Answer 31

_Choroid plexus:_ Lateral ventricles Third ventricles Fourth ventricles

Question 32

An epidural above which spinal level may lead to bradycardia?

Answer 32

T4

Question 33

What are the advantages of endotracheal tube over a laryngeal mask?

Answer 33

Endotracheal tube seals the airway. Provides airway patency + protection Consider in patients who are at risk of aspiration

Question 34

How is the minute volume of lungs calculated?

Answer 34

VM= Tidal X Respiratory rate

Question 35

What is alveolar ventilation?

Answer 35

Alveloar ventilation is the portion of the minute volume that takes part in gas exchange at alveolus. Proportion of gas is wasted - remains in large airways or lung dead space VM = Alveolar ventilation + Dead Space Ventilation