Analgesics

Question 1

what is produced from COX1 & COX 2 that causes swelling?

Answer 1

prostaglandin → PGE2

Question 2

what is produced from COX1 & COX2 that produces vasodilation causing redness/heat?

Answer 2

prostaglandin → PGI2

Question 3

what is produced from COX1 & COX2 that causes pain?

Answer 3

prostaglandin → PGE2

Question 4

what is produced from COX1 & COX2 that causes heat/fever?

Answer 4

prostaglandin → PGE2

Question 5

in an acute inflammation, is this the vascular phase or cellular phase?

• transient vasoconstriction
• persistent vasoconstriction
• increased capillary permeability
• hemostasis

Answer 5

vascular phase

Question 6

in an acute inflammation, is this the vascular phase or cellular phase?

• phagocytic extravasation from circulation
• chemotactic signaling
• phagocytosis
• formation of exudate

Answer 6

cellular phase

Question 7

how do you provide therapeutic relief peripherally for pain?

Answer 7

block pain mediators, receptor sensitization & afferent neuronal discharge

Question 8

how do you provide therapeutic relief for pain centrally?

Answer 8

block pain receptors in the CNS

Question 9

what are the two major inflammatory pain mediators?

Answer 9

bradykinin & histamines

Question 10

how do NSAIDs block generation of pain in the arachidonic pathway?

Answer 10

inhibits synthesis of PGE2

Question 11

is acetaminophen a narcotic or non-narcotic? what class does it belong to?

Answer 11

non-narcotic → NSAID alternative

Question 12

what NSAID subclass does aspirin belong to?

Answer 12

salicylates

Question 13

80-160mg of aspirin is used as what kind of therapeutic effect?

Answer 13

anti-platelet

Question 14

325-650mg of aspirin is used for what therapeutic effect?

Answer 14

anti-inflammatory

Question 15

160-325mg of aspirin is used for what therapeutic effect(s)?

Answer 15

analgesia & antipyretic

Question 16

how would you treat an aspirin overdose?

Answer 16

dialysis

Question 17

aspirin vs acetaminophen:

anti-inflammatory

Answer 17

aspirin

Question 18

aspirin vs acetaminophen:

antipyretic

Answer 18

both

Question 19

aspirin vs acetaminophen:

platelet inhibitor

Answer 19

aspirin

Question 20

aspirin vs acetaminophen:

analgesic

Answer 20

both

Question 21

aspirin vs acetaminophen:

central site of action

Answer 21

acetaminophen

Question 22

aspirin vs acetaminophen:

GI irritant

Answer 22

aspiring

Question 23

aspirin vs acetaminophen:

pregnancy category B

Answer 23

acetaminophen

Question 24

what topical NSAID is indicated for post cataract surgery & inflammation?

Answer 24

Bromsite

Question 25

which narcotics are schedule II?

Answer 25

morphine, codeine, oxycodone

Question 26

which narcotic is schedule III in low concentrations?

Answer 26

codeine

Question 27

what do opioids primarily bind to? are they central or peripheral acting?

Answer 27

mu receptors (μ1 & μ2) → central acting

Question 28

natural, semi-synthetic (opioids), or fully synthetic (opioids)? morphine & codeine

Answer 28

natural

Question 29

natural, semi-synthetic (opioids), or fully synthetic (opioids)? - methadone - meperidine - tramadol (V) - fentanyl

Answer 29

fully synthetic

Question 30

natural, semi-synthetic (opioids), or fully synthetic (opioids)? - hydrocodone - oxycodone - oxymorphine - hydromorphine

Answer 30

semi-synthetic

Question 31

what are some endogenous analgesics?

Answer 31

endorphins & serotonin

Question 32

endorphins are induced by?

Answer 32

tricyclic antidepressants (TCADs)

Question 33

which endogenous analgesic is short term? what does it counteract?

Answer 33

serotonin → counteracts substance P

Question 34

serotonin is induced by?

Answer 34

paracetamol (acetaminophen)

Question 35

what is substance P?

Answer 35

neurotransmitter involved in pain responses

Question 36

where are endorphins released from? what is its MOA?

Answer 36

released by pituitary gland → bind to opiate receptors on presynaptic membrane to block release of substance P (blocking pain perception)