Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology: Central Nervous System Drugs > Analgesics > Flashcards

Analgesics Flashcards

(68 cards)

Start Studying
0
Q

addiction

A

a chronic neurobiologic disease whose development is influenced by genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors (same as psychological dependence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

acute pain

A

pain that is sudden in onset, usually subsides when treated, and typically occurs over less than a 6-week period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

adjuvant analgesic drugs

A

drugs that are added for combined therapy with a primary drug and may have additive or independent analgesic properties, or both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

agonist

A

a substance that binds to a receptor and causes a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

agonists-antagonists

A

substances that bind to a receptor and cause a partial response that is not as strong as that caused by an agonist (also known as a partial agonists)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

analgesic ceiling effect

A

what occurs when a given pain drug no longer effectively controls a patient’s pain despite the administration of the highest safe dosages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

analgesics

A

medications that relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness (sometimes referred to as painkillers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

antagonist

A

pain that occurs between doses of pain medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

breakthrough pain

A

pain that occurs between doses of pain medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cancer pain

A

pain resulting from any of a variety of causes related to cancer and/or the metastasis of cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

central pain

A

pain resulting from any disorder that causes central nervous system damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

chronic pain

A

persistent or recurring pain that is often difficult to treat; includes any pain lasting longer than 3 to 6 months, pain lasting longer than 1 month after healing of an acute injury, or pain that accompanies a non-healing tissue injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

deep pain

A

pain that occurs in tissues below skin level; opposite of superficial pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

gate theory

A

the most well-described theory of pain transmission and pain relief; it uses a gate model to explain how impulses from damaged tissues are sensed in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

narcotics

A

a term originally applied to drugs that produce insensibility or stupor, especially the opioids (e.g. morphine, heroin); currently used to refer to any medically used controlled substances and in legal settings to refer to any illicit or “street” drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

neuropathic pain

A

pain that results from a disturbance of function or pathologic change in a nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

nociception

A

processing of pain signals in the brain that gives rise to the feelings of pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nociceptors

A

a subclass of sensory nerves (A and C fibres) that transmit pain signals to the central nervous system from other body parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

non-opioid analgesics

A

analgesics that are not classified as opioids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

A

a large, chemically diverse group of drugs that are analgesics and also possess antiinflammatory and antipyretic activity but are not corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

opioid analgesics

A

synthetic drugs that bind to opiate receptors to relieve pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

opioid naive

A

describes patients who are receiving opioid analgesics for the first time and who therefore are not accustomed to their effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

opioid tolerance

A

a normal physiologic condition that results from long-term opioid use, in which larger doses of opioids are required to maintain the same level of analgesia and in which abrupt discontinuation of the drug results in withdrawal symptoms (same as physical dependence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

opioid tolerant

A

the opposite of opioid naïve; describes patients who have been receiving opioid analgesics (legally or otherwise) for a period of time (1 week or longer) and who are at greater risk of opioid withdrawal syndrome upon sudden discontinuation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
opioid withdrawal
the signs and symptoms associated with abstinence from or withdrawal of an opioid analgesic when the body has become physically dependent on the substance
25
pain
an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
26
pain threshold
the level of a stimulus that results in the sensation of pain
27
pain tolerance
the amount of pain a patient can endure without it's interfering with normal function
28
partial agonist
a drug that binds to a receptor and causes a response that is less than that caused by a full agonist (same as agonist-antagonist)
29
phantom pain
pain experienced in the area of a body part that has been surgically or traumatically removed
30
physical dependence
a condition in which a patient takes a drug over a period of time and unpleasant physical symptoms (withdrawal symptoms) occur if the drug is stopped abruptly or smaller doses are given; the physical adaption of the body to the presence of an opioid or other additive substance
31
psychologic dependence
a pattern of compulsive use of opioids or any other additive substance characterised by a continuous craving for the substance and the need to use it for effects other than pain relief (also called addiction)
32
referred pain
pain occurring in an area away from the organ of origin
33
somatic pain
pain that originates from skeletal muscles, ligaments, or joints
34
special pain situations
the general term for pain control situations that are complex and whose treatment typically involves multiple medications, various health car personnel, and non-pharmacologic therapeutic modalities (e.g. massage, chiropractic care, surgery)
35
superficial pain
pain that originates from the skin or mucous membranes; opposite of deep pain
36
synergistic effects
drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone (e.g. 1 + 1 is greater than 2)
37
tolerance
the general term for a state in which repetitive exposure to a given drug, over time, induces changes in drug receptors that reduce the drug's effects (same as physical dependence)
38
vascular pain
pain that results from pathology of the vascular or peri vascular tissues
39
visceral pain
pain that originates from organs or smooth muscles
40
World Health Organisation (WHO)
an international body of health care professionals, including clinicians and epidemiologists among many others, that studies and responds to health needs and trends worldwide
41
non-pharmacologic treatment options for pain
acupuncture, acupressure, comfort measures, counselling measures, distraction, hot or cold packs, hypnosis, massage, meditation, music therapy, physical therapy, relaxation, surgery, therapeutic baths, therapeutic communication, therapeutic touch, yoga
42
conditions that alter pain tolerance: lowered pain threshold
anger, anxiety, depression, discomfort, fear, isolation, chronic pain, sleeplessness, tiredness
43
conditions that alter pain tolerance: raised pain threshold
diversion, empathy, rest, sympathy, medications (analgesics, antianxiety drugs, antidepressants)
44
acute versus chronic pain: acute
onset: sudden (minutes to hours); usually sharp, localised; physiologic response (SNS: tachycardia, sweating, pallor, increased blood pressure) duration: limited (has an end) examples: myocardial infarction, appendicitis, dental procedures, kidney stones, surgical procedures
45
acute versus chronic pain: chronic
onset: slow (days to months); long duration; dull, persistent aching duration: persistent or recurring (endless) examples: arthritis, cancer, lower back pain, peripheral neuropathy
46
potential opioid adverse effects
constipation, nausea and vomiting, sedation and mental clouding, respiratory depression, subacute overdose
47
potential opioid adverse effects: constipation
opioids decrease gastrointestinal (GI) tract peristalsis due to CNS depression with subsequent constipation as an adverse effect; stool becomes excessively dehydrated because it remains in the GI tract longer
48
opioid adverse effects management: constipation
increased intake of fluids, stool softeners (e.g. docusate sodium), stimulants (e.g. bisacodyl or senna); agents (e.g. lactulose, sorbitol, and polyethylene glycol (Miralax); bulk-forming laxatives (e.g. psyllium) for which increased fluid intake is necessary to avoid fecal impactions or bowel obstructions
49
potential opioid adverse effects: nausea and vomiting
opioids decrease GI tract peristalsis and some stimulate the vomiting centre in the CNS
50
opioid adverse effects management: nausea and vomiting
antiemetics (e.g. phenothiazines)
51
potential opioid adverse effects: sedation and mental clouding
any change in mental status should be evaluated to ensure causes other than drug-related CNS depression are ruled out
52
opioid adverse effects management: sedation and mental clouding
persistent drug-related sedation may be managed with a decrease in the dosage of opioid or change in drug used; prescriber may also order various CNS stimulants
53
potential opioid adverse effects: respiratory depression
long-term opioid use is generally associated with tolerance to respiratory depression
54
opioid adverse effects management: respiratory depression
for severe respiratory depression, opioid antagonists (e.g. naloxone) may be used to improve respiratory status, and if they're titrated in small amounts, the respiratory depression may be reversed without analgesia reversal
55
potential opioid adverse effects: subacute overdose
may progress slowly (over hours to days), with somnolence and respiratory depression
56
opioid adverse effects management: subacute overdose
often, holding one or two doses of an opioid analgesic is enough to judge if mental and respiratory depression is associated with the opioid; if improvement with this measure, opioid dosage is often decreased by 25%
57
potential opioid adverse effects: other
dry mouth, urinary retention, pruritis, myoclonus, dysphoria, euphoria, sleep disturbances, sexual dysfunction, and inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone
58
opioid adverse effects management: other
ongoing assessment for each adverse effect so that appropriate measure can be implemented (e.g. sucking of sugar-free candy or use of artificial saliva drops or gum for dry mouth; use of diphenhydramine for pruritis)
59
opioid-induced adverse effects by body system: cardiovascular
hypotension, flushing, bradycardia
60
opioid-induced adverse effects by body system: central nervous
sedation, disorientation, euphoria, lightheadedness, dysphoria
61
opioid-induced adverse effects by body system: gastrointestinal
nausea, vomiting, constipation, biliary tract spasm
62
opioid-induced adverse effects by body system: genitourinary
urinary retention
63
opioid-induced adverse effects by body system: integumentary
itching, rash, wheal formation
64
opioid-induced adverse effects by body system: respiratory
respiratory depression, possible aggravation of asthma
65
opioid antagonists (reversal drugs): naloxone (IV) [Narcan]
raised or lowered blood pressure, dysrhythmias, pulmonary oedema, withdrawal
66
opioid antagonists (reversal drugs): naltrexone (PO) [ReVia]
nervousness, headache, nausea, vomiting, pulmonary oedema, withdrawal
67
analgesic drugs
acetaminophen, codeine sulfate, fentanyl, lidocaine (transdermal), meperidine hydrochloride, methadone hydrochloride, morphine sulfate, naloxone hydrochloride, naltrexone hydrochloride, oxycodone hydrochloride, tramadol hydrochloride

Pharmacology: Central Nervous System Drugs (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions