ANAPHY Flashcards
(206 cards)
1
Q
It is the study of the structures of the body
A
Anatomy
2
Q
It is the study of the processes and functions of body
A
Physiology
3
Q
Body is consist of what?
A
Water and organic compounds
4
Q
What are the organic compounds in the body
A
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
5
Q
How many percents of water does our body have?
A
60%
6
Q
It serves as major structural component of the body
A
Proteins
7
Q
Present in the human body as fuels, either as simple sugars circulating theough the bloodstream or as GLYCOGEN
A
Carbohydrates
8
Q
A storage compound found in the liver and muscles
A
Glycogen
9
Q
Make up the genetic materials of the body
A
Nucleic acids
10
Q
Six levels of organization for human body
A
Chemical
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
11
Q
It involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules
A
Chemical
12
Q
Basic structural and functional units of organisms
A
Cell
13
Q
A group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
A
Tissue
14
Q
Composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions
A
Organ
15
Q
A group of organs classified as a unit
A
Organ System
16
Q
A complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another
A
Organism
17
Q
It provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, helps produce vitamin D
A
Integumentary
18
Q
Provides protection and support, allows body movements
A
Skeletal
19
Q
Produces body movements, maintain posture, produces body heat
A
Muscular
20
Q
Detects sensation and controls movements, intellectual functions
A
Nervous
21
Q
It influences metabolism, growth and reproduction
A
Endocrine
22
Q
Transport nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body
A
Cardiovascular
23
Q
Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease
A
Lymphatic
24
Q
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air regulates blood pH
A
Respiratory
25
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion
Digestive
26
Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH
Urinary
27
Produces oocytes for females and sperm cells for males
Reproductive
28
What are the six essentials characteristics of life
Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Development
Reproduction
29
It refers to a specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism
Organization
30
The ability to use energy to perform vital dunctions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction
Metabolism
31
The ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment
Responsiveness
32
Refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism
Growth
33
Includes the changes an organism undergoes through time
Development
34
The formation of new cells or new organisms
Reproduction
35
Self-regulating process by which an organism tends to maintain stabillity
Homeostasis
36
It regulates most systems of the body
Negative Feedback Mechanism
37
Occurs when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response
Positive Feedback Mechanism
38
Person standing upright with the face directed forward
Anatomical Position
39
Refers to the anatomical position, regardless of the body’s actual position
Directional Terms
40
Divides body into left and right portion lengthwise
Sagittal Plane
41
Divides body into superior and inferior portions
Transverse Plane
42
Divides body into anterior and posterior portion
Frontal/Coronal Plane
43
A cut along the length of the organ
Longitudinal
44
Cuts completely through an organ
Transverse/Cross Section
45
A cut is made diagonally across the long acis
Oblique
46
It is surrounded by rib cage and is separated from the abdominal cavity
Thoracic Cavity
47
Bounded primarily by the bones of the pelvis
Andominal Cavity
48
A small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis
Pelvic Cavity
49
What are the two Serous Membranes
Visceral & Parietal
50
Membranes that are contact within the organ/s
Viscerel
51
Membranes that are contact with the walls of the activity
Parietal
52
Body looking down
Prone
53
Body looking up
Supine
54
Body faces side by leaning on right arm
Right Lateral Recumbent
55
Body facing side by using left arm
Left Lateral Recumbent
56
The body is sitting down
Fowler’s
57
Body is slanted and feet are elevated
Trendelenburg
58
The simplest organisms are consist of?
Single Cells
59
how many cells does a human are composed of
Multiple cells
60
the little organs that are specialized structures perform specific functions
Organelles
61
An organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material
Nucleus
62
Living material surrounding the nucleus and contains many types of organelles
Cytoplasm
63
Four important functions of the body cells
1. Cell metabolism and energy use
2. Synthesis of molecules
3. Communication
4. Reproduction and Inheritance
64
The chemical reactions that occur within cells are collectively called cell metabolism
Cell Metabolism and energy use
65
synthesize or produces various types of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
Synthesis of molecules
66
Cells produce and receive chemical and electrical signals
Communication
67
Each cell contains a copy of the genetic information
Reproduction and Inheritance
68
It encloses the cytoplasm
Cell Membrane/ Plasma Membrane
69
Outermost component of cell that forms selective barrier between intracellular and extracellular
Cell Membrane/ Plasma Membrane
70
It forms a double layer that contains two regions
Phospholipids
71
What are the two regions in phospholipids
Polar and Nonpolar
72
Also known as “heads” and exposed to H2O (hydrophilic)
Polar Region
73
Also known as “tails” and away from H2O (hydrophobic)
Nonpolar Region
74
Float among the phospholipids
Protein
75
Extend from inner to outer surface of the cell membrane
Protein
76
What are the four functions of Protein
Carrier
Receptor
Enzymes
Structural Support
77
Provide added strength and stability bu limiting the movement of phospholipid’s
Cholesterol
78
May be bound to CHON molecules
Carbohydrates
79
What are the 14 organelles
(NRRS-GSLP-MMCC-FM)
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus
Secretory Vesicles
Lysosome
Peroxisome
Mitochondria
Microtubules
Centrioles
Cilia
Flagella
Microvilli
80
Contains genetic material of cell (DNA) and nucleoli
Nucleus
81
RNA synthesis and Ribosomal subunit assembly
Nucleus
82
Composed of one large and one small subunit; protein synthesis
Ribosomes
83
Have many ribosomes attached; protein synthesis
Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
84
Lipid synthesis
Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
85
closely packed stacks; modifies and packages CHON
Golgi Apparatus
86
Contains materials produced within cell
Secretory Vesicles
87
Formed by Golgi Apparatus
Secretory Vesicles
88
Secreted by exocytosis
Secretory Vesicles
89
Enzymes digest material taken into the cell
Lysosome
90
breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisome
91
Organelles with inner and outer membranes separated by space: Inner (smooth contour) and Outer (numerous folds, called CRISTAE)
Mitochondria
92
It supports cytoplasm; assist in cell division and forms components of cilia and flagella
Microtubules
93
Facilitate movement of chromosomes during cell division
Centrioles
94
Located on cell surface that move substances over surfaces of certain cells
Cilia
95
Proper sperm cells
Flagella
96
Increase surface area of certain cells
Microvilli
97
Does not require the cell to expand energy; includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion
Passive Membrane Transport
98
Does require the cell to expand energy; includes active transport, secondaary active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis
Active Membrane Transport
99
Movement of solute from higher concentration to lower within a solvent
Diffusion
100
Concentration of a solute at one point in a solvent
Concentration Gradient
101
Diffusion of water across a selective permeable membrane
Osmosis
102
Force required to prevent movement of water across selective permeable membrane
Osmotic Pressure
103
moves substance from higher to lower concentration; doesn’t require energy in the form of ATP
Facilitated Diffusion
104
Movement of substance across a membrane by means of a carrier molecule
Carrier-Mediated Transport
105
moves substance from lower to higher concentration and requires ATP
Active Transport
106
Uses energy of one substance moving down its concentration gradient to move another substance across the cell membrane
Secondary Active Transport
107
Both substances move in the same direction
Co-transport
108
Substances move in opposite direction
Counter-transport
109
Movement of materials into cells by the formation of a vesicle
Endocytosis
110
Cell receptors attaching to molecules
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
111
Movement of SOLID material into cells (cell-eating)
Phagocytosis
112
materials ingested is much smaller and is in solution (cell-drinking)
Pinocytosis
113
Secretion of materials from cells by vesicle formation
Exocytosis
114
Cell’s framework; vital for providing support, hold organelles in place, enable cell to change shapes
Cytoskeleton
115
Types of Cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Intermediate Filaments
Microfilaments
116
Largest diameter; provide structural support, assist in cell division, form certain organelles (cilia and flagella)
Microtubules
117
Medium diameter; maintain cell shape
Intermediate Filaments
118
Smallest diameter; determine cell shape and involved in cell movement
Microfilaments
119
Process which the information in DNA directs protein synthesis
Gene Expression
120
Two stages of Gene Expression
Transcription & Translation
121
Provess by which DNA is read
Transcription
122
Process by mRNA is converted into amino acids (polypeptides)
Translation
123
Series of events that produce new cells for growth and tissue repair
Cell Cycle
124
Non-dividing phase in which DNA replicates
Interphase
125
Formation of two daughter cells from a single parent cell
Cell division
126
How many chromosomes does each cell have (diploid)
46 chromosomes
127
How many chromosomes does a sperm and egg cells have?
23
128
Four stages of Mitosis(Cell division)
(PMAT)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
129
Each chromosomes consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere
Prophase
130
Chromosomes align at the center of the cell
Metaphase
131
Chromatids separate at the centromere and migrate to opposite piles
Anaphase
132
Two nuclei assume their normal structure, cell division is completed, producing new two daughter cells
Telophase
133
Cells develop specialized structures and functions; selective activation and inactivation of DNA sections
Differentiation
134
also known as programmed cell death; cell numbers within various tissues are adjusted and controlled
Apoptosis
135
Cellular aspects of aging:
1. Cellular Clock
2. Death Genes
3. DNA Damage
4. Free Radicals
136
The microscopic study of tissue structure
Histology
137
Four basic types of tissues
Epithelium/Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
138
Type of tissue that covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside of the body
Epithelial/Epithelium Tissue
139
Diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body
Connective Tissue
140
Type of tissue that makes a movement possible by contracting or shortening
Muscle Tissue
141
Type pf tissue that is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities
Nervous Tissue
142
Exposed and not attached to other cells
Free/Apical Surface
143
Cells attached to other epithelial cells
Lateral Surface
144
Attached to a basement membrane
Basal Surface
145
Major Functions of Epithelia
(PAPSA)
Protecting
Acting as barrier
Permit passage
Secreting
Absorbing
146
Classification of Epithelium
Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified
Transitional
147
Single layers of cells
Simple
148
More than one layer of cells
Stratified
149
Special type of simple epithelium; appears to be stratifies but is not
Pseudostratified
150
Modification of stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched
Transitional
151
Cells are flat or scale-like
Squamous
152
Cells are cube-shape; about as wide as they are tall
Cuboidal
153
Cells tend to be taller that they are wide
Columnar
154
Structures that secrete substances onto a surface, into a cavity, or into blood; primarily composed of epithelium
Glands
155
Two types of Glands
Exocrine (with ducts)
Endocrine (no ducts)
156
single, non-branched duct
Simple Glands
157
Multiple, branched ducts
Compound Glands
158
Shaped as tubules, can be straight or coiled
Tubular
159
Sac-like structure
Acinar/Alveolar
160
Glands with combination of the tubular and acinar/alveolar
Tubuloacinar
Tubuloalveolar
161
Cells of glands produce secretion
Merocrine Secretion
162
Secretory products are stored
Apocrine Secretion
163
Involves the shedding of entire cells
Holocrine Secretion
164
Form the matrix
Blast cells
165
Break down the matrix
Clast cells
166
Maintain the matrix
Cyte cells
167
Which form bones
Osteoblasts
168
Which form cartilage
Chondroblasts
169
Break down bone
Osteoclasts
170
Maintain the bone
Osteocytes
171
Responsible for detecting any change and motor the value of variables
Receptor
172
Negative feedback mechanism
Uterine contractions during delivery
173
Basic approach to study anatomy; medical and dental schools
Regional Anatomy
174
Cell structure and function from generalize to specialized
Growth and Development
175
stimulates blood vessels in the skin to constrict
Hypothalamus
176
The body would compensate with the change in core temptation
Hypothalamus
177
Produce large amounts of lipoprotein for secretion
Lysosomes
178
Have the largest number of mitochondria
Muscle Cells
179
double protein layer in the plasma membrane
Fluid-Mosaic Mode of Cell Membrane
180
It is an example of molecule which can directly pass through phospholipid bilayer
Carbon Dioxide
181
Filter and barrier to cell or pathogen movement
Basement Membrane
182
Many layers, outer (flat & thin), basal layer (cuboidal/columnar)
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
183
Cube like when organ is RELAXED;
Flattened when organ is DISTENDED
Transitional Epithelium
184
Extracellular Matrix of bones
Collagen & minerals
High proportion of calcium phosphate crystals
185
What type of tissue is Bones?
Connective Tissue
186
It is the site of bone growth in length
Epiphyseal Plate
187
A connective tissue layer that covers the outer surface of bones
Periosteum
188
Pepper is a vegan….
Stimulated the release of pH
189
Represents the set of fused bones
Sacral Bone
190
Degree of motion
Connective Tissue
191
Unique movement; thumb moves forward to little finger
Opposition
192
Movement of synovial joint in one plane
Hinge
193
Component of Fibula
Lateral Malleolus
194
Bone that is unpaired
Sphenoid
195
Opening through which spinal cord connects to the BRAIN
Foramen Magnum
196
A functional unit of skeletal muscle that has smallest portion capable of CONTRACTING
Sacromere
197
Anchored the myosin myofilaments into the cytoskeleton
M Line
198
high metabolic rate & use aerobic respiration
Muscle Fibers
199
Attached to Z lines at one point
Actin Myofilaments
200
Increase in tension to muscles without changing its length
Isometric
201
Muscles closes the jaw
Masseter & Temporalis
202
Which is not involved in playing piano
Tensor Fisciae Latae
203
Powerful sucking muscle
Buccinator
204
Muscle group works with and assists of a prime mover
Synergist
205
Unable to flex the thigh
Iliopsoas & Rectus Femoris
206
Biceps Brachii & Triceps Beachii
Antagonists
