ANAPHY Flashcards by Nillian Julit

WHAT ARE THE 6 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
System level
Organism level

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This is a very BASIC LEVEL compared to the letters of alphabet and includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions.

Chemical Level

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The BASIC STRUCTURAL and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals

CELLULAR LEVEL

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Group of CELLS and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function, similar to the way words are put together to form sentences.

TISSUE LEVEL

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different TYPES OF TISSUES are JOINED TOGETHER Similar to the relationship between sentences and paragraphs.

ORGAN LEVEL

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5 types of BASIC LIFE PROCESSES

-METABOLISM
-RESPONSIVENESS
-GROWTH
-DIFFERENTIATION
-REPRODUCTION

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THIS IS THE SUM OF ALL THE CHEMICAL PROCESSES THAT OCCUR IN THE BODY

METABOLISM

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2 types of METABOLISM

CATABOLISM
ANABOLISM

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BREAKDOWN OF COMPLEX CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE.

CATABOLISM

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BUILDING UP OF COMPLEX CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES FROM SMALL AND SIMPLER COMPONENTS.

ANABOLISM

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THIS IS THE BODY’S ABILITY TO DETECT AND RESPOND TO CHANGES

RESPONSIVENESS

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INCLUDES MOTION OF THE WHOLE BODY, INDIVIDUAL ORGANS, SINGLE CELLS AND EVEN TINY STRUCTURES INSIDE CELLS.

MOVEMENT

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THIS IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CELL FROM AN UNSPECIALIZED STATE.

DIFFERENTIATION

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REFERS EITHER TO FORM A NEW CELL FOR TISSUE GROWTH, REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT OR THE PRODUCTION OF NEW INDIVIDUAL

REPRODUCTION

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THIS IS A CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM IN THE BODY’S INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT DUE TO THE CONSTANT INTERACTION OF THE BODY’S MANY REGULATORY PROCESSES.

HOMEOSTASIS

how-mee-ow-stay- suhs

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THIS IS A CYCLE OF EVENTS IN WHICH THE STATUS OF A BODY CONDITION IS MONITORED, EVALUATED, CHANGED, RE-MONITORED AND RE-EVALUATED

FEEDBACK SYSTEM

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2 types of FEEDBACK

NEGATIVE FEED BACK
POSITIVE FEEDBACK

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STRENGTHEN OR REINFORCE A CHANGE IN THE ONE OF THE BODY’S CONTROLLED CONDITIONS.

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

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REVERSES A CHANGE IN A CONTROLLED CONDITION.

NEGATIVE FEED BACK

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6 TYPES OF BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

REGIONAL NAMES
DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGIES
PLANES AND SECTIONS
BODY CAVITIES
MEMBRANES
REGIONS AND QUADRANTS

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Toward the head, or the upper part of a structure.

Superior (soo’-PER-e-or)
(cephalic or cranial)

Ex: The heart is superior to the liver.

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Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure.

Inferior (in-FE-re-or) (caudal)

Ex: The stomach is inferior to the lungs.

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Nearer to or at the front of the body.

Anterior (an-TER-e-or) (ventral)*

Ex: The sternum (breastbone) is anterior to the heart.

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Nearer to or at the back of the body.

Posterior (pos-TER-é-or) (dorsal)

ex: The esophagus (food tube) is posterior to the trachea (windpipe).

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Between two structures.

Intermediate (in'-ter-ME-de-at) ex: The transverse colon is intermediate to the ascending and descending colons.

Nearer to the midline (an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides).

Medial (ME-de-al) ex: The ulna is medial to the radius.

Farther from the midline.

Lateral (LAT-er-al) ex: The lungs are lateral to the heart.

On the opposite side of the body from another structure.

Contralateral (KON-tra-lat-er-al) ex: The ascending and descending colons are contralateral.

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.

Proximal (PROK-si-mal) ex: The humerus (arm bone) is proximal to the radius

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure.

Distal (DIS-tal) ex: The phalanges (finger bones) are distal to the carpals (wrist bones).

Toward (PATUNGO) or on the surface(IBABAW) of the body.

Superficial (soo'-per-FISH-al) (external) ex: The ribs are superficial to the lungs.

cranial bones and contains the brain.

Cranial cavity

Away from the surface(IBABAW) of the body.

Deep (Internal) EX: The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back

vertebral column and contains the spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves.

Vertebral canal

Chest cavity contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum.

Thoracic cavity

potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart.

Pericardial cavity

potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung.

Pleural cavity

Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Abdominopelvic cavity

Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum.

Abdominal cavity

Central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels.

Mediastinum

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Water

Pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction.

THE CHEMICAL LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION 3 types of CHEMICAL BONDS

IONIC BOND COVALENT BOND HYDROGEN BOND

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

- CARBOHYDRATES - LIPIDS - PROTEIN - NUCLEIC ACID (DNA AND RNA)

CARBOHYDRATES (C,H,O) 5 types of Monosaccharides

- Glucose (the main blood sugar) - Fructose (found in fruits) - Galactose (in milk sugar). - Deoxyribose (in DNA) - Ribose (in RNA)

3 types of Disaccharides

- Sucrose (table sugar) - Lactose (milk sugar) - Maltose ( glucose + glucose.)

3 types of Polysaccharides

- Glycogen (stored form of carbohydrates in animals) - Starches (main carbohydrates in food). - Cellulose(part of cell walls in plants that cannot be digested)

Types of Lipids

- Fatty acids - Triglycerides - Phospholipids - Steroids - Eicosanoids - Other lipids

6 Functions of Protein

- Structural (collagen) - Regulatory (neurotransmitter) - Contractile (myosin and actin) - Immunological (antibodies and interleukins) - Transport (hemoglobin) - Catalytic (ATPase)

Gene is a segment of a DNA molecule.

DNA

Relays instructions from the genes to guide cell’s synthesis of proteins from amino acids.

RNA

THE CELLULAR ORGANIZATION 3 types of PARTS OF THE CELL

Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

PARTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE

- LIPID BILAYER - MEMBRANE PROTEINS - INTEGRAL PROTEINS - PERIPHERAL PROTEINS

Permits some substances to pass more readily than others.

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

is a difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

is a difference in electrical charges between two regions.

ELECTRICAL GRADIENT

TRANSPORT PROCESS ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE types of PASSIVE TRANSPORT

1. Diffusion - Simple diffusion - Facilitated diffusion - Channel-mediated -Carrier-mediated 2. Osmosis

types of ACTIVE TRANSPORT

1.Primary active transport (Na-K Pump) 2. Secondary active transport - Antiportes - Symporters 3. Vesicular - Endocytosis 1. Receptor mediated 2. Phagocytosis 3. Pinocytosis - Exocytosis - Transcytosis (blood plasma and placenta)