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Anatomy and Physiology > ANAPHY Lessons (Module 1 & 2) > Flashcards

ANAPHY Lessons (Module 1 & 2) Flashcards

Covers topics/questions from Anatomy & Physiology Module 1 and 2 (95 cards)

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1
Q

Refers to the study of body parts or structures of the body and their relationship with one another.

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

A study of anatomy in which structures found in particular regions of the body are studied.

A

Regional Anatomy

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3
Q

A type of anatomy that studies the changes of a bodily structure throughout the life span.

A

Developmental Anatomy

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4
Q

The study of visible and large body structures such as the heart, liver, and lungs.

A

Gross Anatomy

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5
Q

A study that deals with structures of the body that are too small to see by the naked eye.

A

Microscopic Anatomy

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6
Q

A study of internal structures and their relationship to the overlying surface of the skin.

A

Surface Anatomy

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7
Q

A study in which structures of the body are examined system by system.

A

Systemic Anatomy

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8
Q

Studies the function of the body, how the different parts of the body function together to carry out life-sustaining activities.

A

Physiology

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9
Q

What is the lowest level of the structural and functional organization?

A

Chemical Level

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10
Q

What is the highest level of the structural and functional organization?

A

Organismal Level

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11
Q

At the chemical level, atoms build up ______

A

molecules

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12
Q

In the structural and functional organization, molecules build up _______

A

Organelles (Cells)

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13
Q

In the structural and functional organization, organs are made of _______

A

Tissues

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14
Q

In the structural and functional organization, 2 or more organs form an __________

A

Organ System

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15
Q

In the structural and functional organization, the organ systems work together to create an _________

A

Organism (Organismal Level)

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16
Q

A system that includes hairs, nails, and the skin to form an external covering and protects deep tissues from injuries.

A

Integumentary System

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17
Q

A system that includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that respond to internal and external changes.

A

Nervous System

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18
Q

A system that returns leaked fluids to the blood, is involved in immunity, and houses lymphocytes. It includes thoracic ducts, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, red bone marrow.

A

Lymphatic System / Immunity

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19
Q

A system of the body responsible for the secretion of hormones regulating processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism.

A

Endocrine System

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20
Q

A system of the body responsible for reproduction, and production of male and female hormones respectively.

A

Male & Female Reproductive System

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21
Q

Provide at least 4 examples of what a highly organized human body can do

A

1.Maintaining boundaries
2.Movement
3.Responsiveness/ Excitability
4.Digestion
5.Metabolism
6.Excretion
7.Reproduction
8.Growth

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22
Q

The phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane is made of _________ heads and _________ tails.

A

Hydrophilic (Polar) Heads and Hydrophobic (Nonpolar) Tails.

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23
Q

The outside of a cell refers to the ___________.

A

Extracellular Side

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24
Q

The inside of a cell refers to the __________.

A

Cytoplasmic Side

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25
Refers to a set of metabolic pathways which includes the breaking down of molecules that are either oxidized to release energy or are used in same reactions.
Catabolic Reactions
26
Refers to a set of metabolic pathways that builds up / constructs molecules from smaller units with the use of energy.
Anabolic Reactions
27
Catabolic reactions release energy in a process called _________.
Exergonic Reactions
28
Anabolic reactions uses / absorbs energy in a process called ________.
Endergonic Reactions
29
Provide the 5 requirements of life.
1. Nutrients 2. Oxygen 3. Water 4. Normal Body Temperature 5. Atmospheric Pressure
30
The ability to maintain a stable internal condition even through changes in the outside environment.
Homeostasis
31
What are the 2 types of homeostasis
Negative & Positive Feedback
32
A type of feedback mechanism that does not stop/revert, enhances the original stimulus to greatly increase further stimulus.
Positive Feedback Mechanisms / Cascade
33
Refers to the inability of the body to maintain/restore a stable internal environment.
Homeostatic Imbalance
34
The 3 body positions
Anatomical, Prone, Supine
35
A plane that divides the body into left and right.
Sagittal Plane
36
A plane that divides the body into left and right at the center.
Median Plane
37
A plane that divides the body into the front and back.
Coronal Plane
38
A plane that divides the body into up and down.
Transverse Plane
39
A plane that divides the body into up and down at an angle/diagonally.
Oblique Plane
40
Directional Terms: ________ means toward the midline while _________ means away from the midline.
Medial. Lateral.
41
Directional Terms: ________ refers to the front. ________ refers to the back.
Anterior (ventral). Posterior (dorsal)
42
Directional Terms: _______ refers to a part of the appendages towards the trunk. _______ refers to a part of the appendages away from the trunk.
Proximal. Distal.
43
Directional Terms: _______ refers to the exact same side. _______ refers to the opposite side.
Ipsilateral. Contralateral.
44
The membranes in the ventral cavity.
1. Double-layered membrane called serosa/ serous membrane 2. Parietal – lining the walls 3. Visceral – covers the organs 4. Serous fluid – lubricating fluid that separates the serosa
45
Ways the abdominopelvic are divided.
4 quadrants, 9 regions.
46
Lowers the activation period/required energy for a chemical reaction to start.
Enzymes
47
Smallest unit of life
Cells
48
Components of a generalized, composite cell.
Plasma Membrane (selectively permeable barrier) Cytoplasm (intracellular fluid), Nucleus (organelle that controls cell activity)
49
Substances contributing to body mass that are found outside of the cells.
Extracellular Materials
50
Types of extracellular materials.
1. ECF (extracellular fluid) – includes interstitial fluids, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). 2. Cellular secretions – substances that aid in digestion (gastric fluids) or act as lubricants (saliva) 3. Extracellular matrix (ECM) – most abundant material, jellylike substance composed of proteins and polysaccharides.
51
Components of the plasma membrane.
1. Membrane Lipids (fabric of the membrane) (phospholipid + cholesterol) 2. Membrane Protein (communication with the environment, and specialized function) 3. Membrane Carbohydrates (includes glycolipids and glycoproteins) (Glycocalyx - provide identity molecules for biological markers) Cell Junctions (aids in movement of molecules in between cells)
52
Functions of the cell membrane.
Physical Barrier – separates the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid. 2. Selective Permeability – determines which substances enters or exit the cell. 3. Communication – plasma membrane proteins interact with specific chemical messengers and relay messages to the cell interior 4. Cell Recognition – cell surface carbohydrates allow cells to recognize each other
53
The Polar hydrophilic heads and the nonpolar hydrophobic tails makes up the ________.
Membrane Lipids
54
2 types of membrane transport.
Passive and active membrane transport
55
Types of Passive Membrane Transport.
Simple Diffusion - diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer Facilitated Diffusion - diffuse through carrier proteins or water-filled channel proteins. Osmosis - diffusion of solvent through a membrane.
56
The ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells; internal water volume.
Tonicity
57
Refers to having the same concentration of nonpenetrating solutes as those in the cell, therefore no shape changes, no net loss or gain.
Isotonic
58
Refers to having a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than those inside the cell, therefore the cell loses water, shrivels, or crenates.
Hypertonic
59
Refers to having more dilute than cells, therefore the cell plumps up or lyse.
Hypotonic
60
Move solutes uphill, against a concentration gradient using energy. Requires transport proteins.
Active Transport
61
Also known as voltage. result from the separation of oppositely charged particles.
Membrane Potentional
62
The resting membrane potential ranges from ________ to _______.
(-)50 to (-)90 mV
63
PISO refers to
Refers to the movement of potassium and sodium particles in and out of the membrane (resting potential). PISO = Potassium In, Sodium Out.
64
Refers to surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM)
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
65
Plasma Membrane Receptors play a role in: _________ & _________.
Contact Signaling and Chemical Signaling.
66
3 types of Ligands
1. Neurotransmitters (from nervous system), 2. Hormones (from endocrine system), 3. Paracrines (chemicals act locally and easily destroyed)
67
Steps of chemical signaling
1. Ligand is sent to a specific receptor. 2. Receptor structure changes and cell proteins are altered. 3. Cell response.
68
The cell material between the plasma membrane and nucleus. The site of most cellular activities.
Cytoplasm
69
3 major elements of cytoplasm
1. Cytosol - viscous, semi-transparent fluid in which other cytoplasmic elements are suspended. 2) Organelles – metabolic machinery of the cell that synthesize proteins, generate ATP. 3) Inclusions – chemical substances like stored nutrients, lipid droplets and pigments.
70
Lozenge-shaped organelles containing its own DNA and RNA. Known as the "Powerplant of the cell"
Mitochondria
71
Small-dark staining granules (Protein and DNA) "Site of protein synthesis"
Ribosomes
72
Extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs studded with ribosomes.
Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
73
Extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs, contains integral proteins called enzymes that catalyze reactions
Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
74
Stack, flattened membranous sacs that modify, concentrate and package the proteins and lipids.
Golgi Apparatus
75
Spherical membranous sacs containing enzymes (many in kidneys and liver) Oxidases and Catalases detoxify alcohol and formaldehyde.
Peroxisomes
76
Spherical membranous organelles containing activated hydrolytic enzymes. Digests all kinds of biological molecules (including bacteria and cell debris)
Lysosomes
77
Elaborate network of rods running through the cytosol and hundreds of accessory proteins that link these rods to other cell structures
Cytoskeleton
78
3 types of cellular extensions
1. Cilia - whiplike, motile extensions occur in the exposed surface of the cell which moves substance in one direction. 2. Flagella - long projections of centrioles that function to propel the cell. 3. Microvilli - fingerlike extensions found in the exposed cell surface. Increases cell surface for absorptive cell (kidneys & intestine)
79
Series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it reproduces
Cell Cycle
80
Refers to the period from cell formation to cell division.
Interphase
81
division of the nucleus, is the series of events that parcels out the replicated DNA of the parent cell to two daughter cells
Mitotic Phase / Mitosis
82
Refers to the division of the cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
83
Ways unneeded substances are disposed.
1. Autophagy - sweeps cytoplasm and organelles into autophagosomes (double membraned vesicle) delivered to lysosomes for digestion. 2. Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway - Ubiquitin proteins attach to marked proteins ready for destruction and then hydrolyzed by proteasomes. 3. Apoptosis - programmed cell death. Cell's limited life span.
84
Types of tissues and function.
1. Epithelial tissue - covers 2. Connective tissue - supports 3. Muscle tissue - moves 4. Nervous tissue - controls
85
Classification of epithelium tissues. (Based on layers)
Simple - one layer (absorption, filtration, secretion) Stratified - 2 or more layers (high abrasion)
86
Classification of epithelium tissues. (Based on shape)
Squamous, Columnar, Cuboidal.
87
Types of Glands
Endocrine - produces hormones to the blood / lymphatic fluids to specific organs. Exocrine - Secretes towards body surface/body cavities.
88
Structural components of connective tissues.
1. Ground Substance - unstructured materials that fill the space between cells and fibers (Interstitial fluid, Cell adhesion proteins Proteoglycans) 2. Fibers (Collagen fibers, Elastic fibers, Reticular fibers ) 3. Cells - (macrophages, WBC, Osteoblasts, Mast cells.)
89
Well-vascularized tissues, responsible for most body movement. Made of myofilaments, and networks of actin and myosin.
Muscle Tissue
90
Refers to the main component of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord and nerves) which regulates and controls body functions
Nervous Tissue
91
High specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulse.
Neurons
92
non-conducting cells that support, insulate and protect delicate neurons
Supporting cells/ Glial/Neuroglia
93
A continuous multicellular sheets composed of at least 2 primary tissue types (epithelium + connective tissue)
Membrane
94
Types of membrane
Mucous membrane - lines body cavities that are open to the external environment. Cutaneous membrane - refers to the skin. Serous membrane - line body cavities that are closed to the exterior.
95
Steps of tissue repair
1. Inflammation sets the stage. 2. Organization restores the blood supply. 3. Regeneration and fibrosis (thickening of tissue) effect permanent repair.

Anatomy and Physiology (2 decks)

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