Anarchy & Socialism- 1880-90s (Years of dicontent and unrest)

Question 1

1880s and 1990s saw an

Answer 1

increase in violence

Question 2

An increasing no. of people became convinced that the solution to their problems lay in the views of…

Answer 2

1) Mikhail Bakunin

2) Karl Marx

Question 3

Mikhail Bakunin

Answer 3

• anarchist
• believed in absolute freedom of the individual
• the overthrowing of state was necessary to achieve such freedom.

Question 4

Karl Marx

Answer 4

• socialist

- believed in the inevitability of a class struggle in order to overthrow the capitalist system.

Question 5

When was Umberto I assassinated?

Answer 5

July 1900

Question 6

What was U1 referred to as?

Answer 6

“The Good King”

Question 7

What did U1 do as king?

Answer 7

• supported free elementary education
• wanted to widen suffrage
• made Italy first country to abolish capital punishment

Question 8

Who did U1 personally decorate?

Answer 8

General Bava-Becarris

INFLAMED anti-monarchists

Sparked his assassination.

Question 9

Who was U1 assassinated by?

Answer 9

Gateano Bresci

to avenge the victims of Milan

Question 10

Who was U1 succeeded by?

Answer 10

His son, VE3.

Question 11

Who were the 2 prominent Italian anarchist revolutionaries?

Answer 11

1) Errico Malatesta

2) Anna Kuliscioff

Question 12

Errico Malatesta

Answer 12

• set up socialist newspaper, La Questione Sociale

- associate of Bakunin.

Question 13

Anna Kuliscioff

Answer 13

• worked on Avanti!
• arrested for being involved in the 1898 Milan Bread Riots
• 1911: formed the Socialist Committee for Female Suffrage
• opposed Fascism
• Blackshirts trashed her funeral in 1925

Question 14

What did Kuliscioff call BM?

Answer 14

a “scoundrel dressed like a gentleman”

Question 15

When were the Milan Bread Riots?

Answer 15

May 1898

Question 16

How did the MBRs start?

Answer 16

price of bread rose
anti govt feeling reached its zenith when demos & riots took place in the streets of Milan.
got out of hand- clashes between the demos and police.

Question 17

Military units were sent to Milan under which general?

Answer 17

General Bava- Beccaris

Question 18

What tactics did Gen. Bava-Beccaris use?

Answer 18

• ordered his troops to fire on open crowds

- even cannons were used

Question 19

How many civilians were killed by Bava-Beccaris’ troops in the MBRs?

Answer 19

80

450 injured.

Question 20

What was later claimed about the POs in the MBRs?

Answer 20

(1) Inadequate numbers of POs to deal w/ incident was due to them being dispatched to deal w/ troubles elsewhere.
(2) If better trained troops had been used there would have been fewer casualties.

Question 21

What caused a massive public outcry w/ regard to the MBRs?

Answer 21

General Bava-Beccaris’ methods

Public disdain intensified when U1 gave him the GRAND CROSS OF THE ORDER OF SAVOY for his services to the country.

Question 22

When did Crispi’s govt resign?

Answer 22

July 1898

Question 23

Who was Crispi replaced with?

Answer 23

General Pelloux

Question 24

What cabinet did Gen. Pelloux have?

Answer 24

a “Cabinet of Generals”

Question 25

What was Gen. Pelloux's tenure like?

Answer 25

started off CONCILIATORY but pressure from MCs forced him to be MORE REACTIONARY.

Question 26

What law did Gen. Pelloux try to introduced which the CoD refused to pass?

Answer 26

a new law which empowered govt to BAN any organisation whose activities were considered a threat to national security. CoD refused to pass it- forced Pelloux to call an election- didn't work in his favour as he still had no allies.

Question 27

When and why did Gen Pelloux resign?`

Answer 27

1900 Because his attempt to run Italy along military authoritarian style had FAILED.

Question 28

What did the activities of both socialists and anarchists involve?

Answer 28

terror

Question 29

When was the first assassination attempt on U1?

Answer 29

1878

Question 30

When were there bomb outrages in Florence and Pisa?

Answer 30

1880

Question 31

What was the situation inflamed by?

Answer 31

- Increasing evidence of corruption in the UCs | - the failure of the govt

Question 32

What happened in 1894?

Answer 32

riots in Italy

Question 33

How many troops did Crispi send in to deal with the 1894 riots?

Answer 33

400k troops (EXTREME FORCE)

Question 34

What did Crispi's extreme force in dealing with the 1894 riots drive the peasants to do?

Answer 34

- to take more extreme action. - workers rioted in the Carrara district - bombs thrown in Rome - someone tried to assassinate Crispi

Question 35

How did Crispi react to the uproar against his extreme methods in dealing with the 1894 riots?

Answer 35

Banned all socialist workers' organisations BACKFIRED Public sympathy grew for their cause as he created martyrs.

Question 36

What did the Latifundia & MCs urge Crispi's govt to do?

Answer 36

Adopt a stronger line against the Socialists. U1 attempted a more conciliatory approach- used his powers to reduce the sentences.

Question 37

What year was there... (1) riots in Rome (2) another attempt on U1's life

Answer 37

1891

Question 38

What year was there a poor harvest?

Answer 38

1898

Question 39

What exacerbated the country's danger of edging towards a collapse in L&O?

Answer 39

1898 poor harvest

Question 40

What was the impact of the poor harvest in 1898?

Answer 40

- widespread rioting in Romagna & Tuscany - increased S's plight - uprisings in Apulia in the S- Gen. Pelloux puts it down w/o any excessive, harsh force.

Question 41

What was Socialism's problem?

Answer 41

- From the start it was broad based but fragmented & liable to break up into small splinter groups. - Italian socialists depended on the support of the industrial proletariat & WC associations- PROBLEM: Only 4M out of 25M were employed in industry

Question 42

How many were employed in industry?

Answer 42

4M out of 25M

Question 43

Why were TUs slow to develop?

Answer 43

there was little collaboration between different groups of workers.

Question 44

What was the total membership of workers associations?

Answer 44

250k

Question 45

Who were the radical leaders in Italian Socialism?

Answer 45

- Turati - Labriola - Cavallotti ~tended to be men of thoughts rather than action. ~were moderates- wished to infiltrate parlt to bring around social reform. ~had to deal w/ extremists such as syndicalists.

Question 46

When was the Chamber of Labour set up?

Answer 46

1891 Was the first regional workers' organisation

Question 47

When was the Italian Workers' Party set up?

Answer 47

1892

Question 48

What were the different strands in the campaign to establish an Italian Socialist Party?

Answer 48

(1) PRAMPOLINI: wanted a Christian type of Socialism. (2) TURATI: MC lawyer, favoured moderate change w/o violence. (3) ANDREA COSTA: led the Revolutionary Socialist Party

Question 49

When and who was the first socialist dep elected to the CoD?

Answer 49

1882 ANDREA COSTA

Question 50

Who was the leading campaigner for women's rights in the Socialist movement?

Answer 50

Anna Kuliscioff

Question 51

What year was the PSI formed?

Answer 51

1895

Question 52

What % of the vote did the PSI have in 1913?

Answer 52

20%

Question 53

What did the PSI want?

Answer 53

``` ~franchise for ALL men & women ~religious equality ~OAP ~FSM ~8hr working day ~sought to pay CoD to reduce bribery. ```