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AQA:Political Ideologies > Anarhcism > Flashcards

Anarhcism Flashcards

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1
Q

Anarchist timeline event: 1840

A

-Proudhon coined the term ‘anarchism’ in his book What is Property?

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2
Q

Anarchist timeline event: 1848

A

-February Revolution took place in France
-Proudhon and Bakunin were involved in the uprising: overthrow France’s constitutional monarchy and established second Republic
-convinced Proudhon that any future uprisings should seek to abolish authority rather than seize power

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3
Q

Anarchist timeline event: 1864-72

A

-International Workingmen’s Association for First International was held
-attempt to unite a range of left wing organisations
-1872: Anarchist and Marxist factions split

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4
Q

Anarchist timeline event: 1871

A

-Another French Revolution resulted in the Paris Commune being formed
-Commune lasted from March-May 1871 and contained anarchists

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5
Q

Anarchist timeline event: 1907

A

-International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam took place with delegates from across the word

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6
Q

Anarchist timeline event: 1918

A

-The Anarchist Free Territory was established in Ukraine
-survived until 1921

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7
Q

Anarchist timeline event: 1936

A

-anarchist collective of peasants and workers seized control of parts of Barcelona
-also seized sizeable parts of rural Spain and collectivised land

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8
Q

Anarchist timeline event: 1970-72

A

-anarcho-communist group the Angry Brigade carried out bombings in the UK
-bombed banks, embassies and the homes of Conservative MPs

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9
Q

Anarchist timeline event: 1971

A

-Freetown Christiania commune was founded in Copenhagen, Denmark

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10
Q

Anarchist timeline event: 1994

A

-Zapatista Uprising in Chiapas Mexico was partly motivated by anarchist ideas, particularly mutual aid

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11
Q

Anarchist timeline event: 1999

A

-Anarchist were heavily involved in the Seattle protests against the World Trade Organisation

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12
Q

Anarchist timeline event: 2020

A

-Mutual Aid UK website was set up in response to the pandemic

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13
Q

Anarchism in Action- Animal Liberation Front

A

-founded in the UK in 1976
-claims to have members in over 40 countries
-has small hierarchal groups that use direct action to prevent animal cruelty
-focus on actions against butchers, slaughterhouses, farmers, fur-traders, fast-food outlets and labs that experiment on animals
-ALF promoted non-violence
-2006 activist Donald Currie was found guilty of placing bombs outside homes of people with links to Huntingdon Life Sciences (uses animals in medical experiments) + was sentenced to 12yrs in prison

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14
Q

Philosophical Anarchist definition:

A

-early anarchist philosophy based on positive view of human nature
-stresses the sovereignty of the individual and their ability to exercise that sovereignty rationally and with sympathy for others

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15
Q

Anarchist Communist definition:

A

-anarcho-communists stress mankind’s innate sense of social order
-view people as social animals who prefer to cooperate then to compete with each other
-proposes small, independent voluntary communes

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16
Q

Anarchist Collectivists Definition:

A

-associated with the industrial working class
-propose the creation of associations of workers who will co-operate and trade with each other to their mutual benefit

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17
Q

Anarchist individualist defintion:

A

-opposed to all social and political restrictions on free choice
-they want individuals to be left alone to pursue what they view as their own best interests

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18
Q

Who were the Philosophical Anarchist’s?

A

-Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78)
-William Godwin (1756-1836)

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19
Q

Rousseau: Mankind is ‘born…

A

…free but is everywhere in chains’

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20
Q

Anarchism in action- Empty Cages Collective

A

-founded in the UK in 2014
-informal network of people who co-operate to oppose the expansion of UK’s prison capacity
-against prison expansion in Bristol, Leicester, Liverpool, London, Manchester and South Wales
-2021 began campaign against the building of the new prison HMP Wellingborough: blockaded the site
-collective also opposes the detention of migrants and asylum seekers
-long term goal: abolition of prisons

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21
Q

Who were the anarcho-communists?

A

-most closely associated with Marx
-Peter Kropotkin

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22
Q

Who were the collectivist anarchists?

A

-Mikhail Bakunin

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23
Q

Who were the individualist anarchist’s?

A

-Max Stirner
-Henry Thoreau (1817-1862)

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24
Q

How is collectivist anarchism described?

A

-decentralised socialism
-‘socialism without a state’

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25
What is individualist anarchism?
-took 2 forms -USA largely peaceful (Thoreau: lived in a cabin + withdrew to self support away from state) -European was more violent + urged people to revolt against the state
26
Who were the anarcho-capitalists?
-Murray Rothbard (1926-95) -David Friedman (1945-)
27
What was the key argument of anarcho-capitalism?
-creation of a stateless society in which free-market capitalism is allowed a complete free rein -no taxation and regulation of the economic market
28
Anarchism in Action- Food Not Bombs
-international movement that aims to make vegetarian and vegan food available to anyone that wants it -motivated as they don't want to see people go hungry + reduce food waste -most meals they create would otherwise be thrown away -operate in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australia, Europe and the Middle East -each branch has freely chosen to be part of the organisation + involved in the wider decision making for the organisation Beneficiaries: -Orange Revolution Protesters in Ukraine 2004-2005 -Hurricane Katrina 2005 -anti capitalist Wall Street protestors 2011 -since 2021 in London they have provided free vegetarian food every 1st and 3rd Saturday of the month from its stall outside Seven Sisters underground station
29
What are the key anarchist views of human nature?
-people are self-interested or egotistical and will cooperate with other people if they believe it to be in their best interest -people are born without imprinted characteristics -each individual is a blank surface on which society, with all its faults, writes our character -human nature is environmentally determined -people are naturally sociable and rational (prefer to live and work cooperatively rather than compete)
30
What is the Ego?
-the part of a person's character that is interested exclusively in itself -will them to follow self-interest even if it clashes with the interests of others -associated with individualist anarchism
31
How does the Ego work for Stirner?
-the ego was part of the essence of every individual -to be true to themselves people should pursue the aim of acquiring all the things they want -argued that individuals would take others into consideration when it was in their own interest to do so -increasing numbers of people would become egoists and form themselves into a 'union of egoism': groups untied in pursuing joint interests
32
What was the key work of Stirner?
-The Ego and His Own (1844)
33
What was Stirner's view of the state?
-ideologies deny people the freedom of choice -threatens a person's ability to to pursue their self-interest ('spook' or a 'ghost') -states religions and ideologies are shadowy illusions -appear to promote individual liberty but in practice are suppressing it
34
What did Stirner believe should develop instead of ideology and organised religion?
-each individual should develop a sense of ego -as egoism spread it would develop traditional forms of authority (all of them) -egoists would form into a 'unions of egoism' -the groups realised that co-operating with others was the best way to maximise self-interest + gradually replace the state
35
Stiner's reputation:
-most radical and revolutionary of the 19th century anarchists -determined to bring the state down by force -view of human nature is the most pessimistic in the movement -championed unrestrained individual liberty -state and private property had to be abolished to establish the widest possible freedom
36
Overall belief shared by anarchists?
-all agree that individual freedom is the natural state of mankind -such freedom can never be sacrificed to any kind of external authority
37
Anarchist views the state:
-the state is unnecessary and must be abolished -but there is separation in thought as some argue its unnecessary while others also view it as an evil and corrupting force
38
Anarchist thinkers that viewed the state as unnecessary?
Peter Kropotkin: -small communes were the best form of voluntary association Mikhail Bakunin: -preferred large workers' federations
39
Anarchist thinkers that viewed the state is evil?
Bakunin: -the state was the agent of the capitalist ruling class -those in leadership positions would inevitably become corrupt working for the state
40
What is the context Kroptkin writing in?
-born into Russian aristocracy -converted to anarchism in 1870s --> due to visit to Federation in Switzerland + co-operative production and living among watchmakers -social darwinism -was suspicious and traveled a lot while being watched by the Russian Secret Service
41
What was Kropotkin's view of social Darwinism?
-flourished in the 1860s and 1870s -Darwin: survival of the fittest -humans under capitalism were under the same struggle -Kropotkin challenged Darwin's idea that inequality was natural -argued that animals were co-operative and not competitive -Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (1902)
42
Why was Kropotkin arguably an anarcho-communist?
-proposed the creation of natural communities -people should be free to join whichever community they wished they would not be subjected to any force -without scarcity there would no competition and without competition there would be no inequality -described the plan in his book *Fields, Factories and Workshops*(1898)
43
What did Kropotkin do during the Russia Revolution?
-returned to Russia in 1917 -was a revolutionary who envisaged the overthrow of the state by violent means if necessary -Kropotkin was sad when Bolsheviks took over in Russia (feared it would just replace the old state) -he had hoped the uprising would have led to small, natural communities -really sad about Russia when he died in 1921
44
Context that Bakunin was writing in:
-born into minor Russian aristocratic family -been radicalised + revolutionary activist
45
Bakunin and the Marxists:
-originally thoughts were close to Marx (state was agent of capitalism) -1872 split with the Marxists during the Socialist International Meeting
46
What was Bakunin's split with the Marxists over?
-couldn't accept that Marx would be replacing the state with a workers' state -insisted that anarchists must oppose any state -this is because power corrupts people: the government and the governed
47
Strong influence of Bakunin?
-Paris Commune 1871 -paved the way for revolutionaries -replacement of an oppressive state with a commune -Paris Commune was the perfect example of 'propaganda by deed' -even though it was short-lived it existed as a long lasting example
48
What was Bakunin's key work?
-God and the State (1871) -freedom is achieved when a person decides to obey the laws of nature + must choose that freely
49
What is Federalism in anarchism?
-theory of how a stateless society would operate developed by Bakunin -defined federations as free, self-governing communes -based on equality and common ownership -would form naturally
50
Proudhon's famous statement?
'property is theft'
51
What was Proudhon's key work?
-What is Property? (1840)
52
What was Proudhon's view of private property?
-only hated it when it was used to oppress workers or promote inequality -workers and peasants may own what they needed to manage production known as 'possessions' to distinguish them from 'property'
53
Why was Proudhon known as a 'libertarian socialist'
-was the bridge between anarchism and socialism -agreed that the means of production should be owned in common and that the capitalist system of exchange should be abolished -wanted abolition of all gov
54
how do anarchists view religion?
-an unwanted and unnecessary source of authority in society -Bakunin: 'if God really existed it would be necessary to abolish him'
55
What is Mutualism?
-term associated with Proudhon -refers to economic system where independent associations of workers co-operate and trade with each other on mutually beneficial terms -wants to replace the market system of capitalism
56
Proudhon's economic system:
-each good would be given a 'real' value -the 'value' would be based on the among of effort and time had gone into producing that good
57
What was Proudhon's key work?
-Mutual Aid (1902)
58
Context/background of Goldman?
-Russian-born but spent most of her life in the USA -was in and out of prison due to her crimes: planning assassinations and inciting workers to riot
59
What were the social causes that Goldman was involved in?
-emancipation of women -tolerance of homosexuality -free love -pioneered feminist philosophy + anarchist feminist
60
What was Goldman doing in 1936-1937?
-participating in the Spanish Civil War -involved in Spanish Anarchist communes -'propaganda of the deed'
61
What was Goldman's key work and what did she argue?
-Living my life (1931) -stressed the people should view the state as their enemy -raged against almost every enemy of individual liberty -condemned the modern state, religion, nationalism, Marxism, capitalism, patriarchy and all forms of bigotry
62
Summaries: What was Stirner's view of human nature?
-People are self-interested egoists
63
Summaries: What was Stirner's view of the state?
The state denies people the right to fulfil their egoism and individualism. ’spooks’ religions/ states act as shadowy illusions + appear to promote individual liberty but instead repress it egoists would form into a ‘union of egoism’
64
Summaries: What was Stirner's view of society?
Society of any kind restrains people. We must be completely self-reliant opposed religion and ideologies (anything that threatens a person’s self-interest)
65
Summaries: What was Stirner's view of the economy?
The accumulation and retention of property is our main economic motivation
66
Summaries: What was Kropotkin's view of human nature?
People are sociable and prefer collective activity
67
Summaries: What was Kropotkin's view of the state?
The capitalist state must be destroyed by revolution and replaced by a voluntary system of independent, self-governing communities
68
Summaries: What was Kropotkin's view of society?
The commune should be the basis of society. Communes should be small, independent, internally democratic units
69
Summaries: What was Kropotkin's view of the economy?
Capitalism was to be replaced by the communist system of small economic units. Each of these should, as far as possible, be self-sufficient
70
Summaries: What was Bakunin's view of human nature?
We are fundamentally social animals and productive work characterises our humanity
71
Summaries: What was Bakunin's view of the state?
The state is the servant of capitalism. Both the state and capitalism must be destroyed by revolution
72
Summaries: What was Bakunin's view of society?
There should be a federal system and the abolition of national boundaries. Federations of workers would cooperate, not compete with each other.
73
Summaries: What was Bakunin's view of the economy?
The market system of exchange should be abolished and be replaced by exchange based on the true value of labour and goods
74
Summaries: What is Proudhon's view of human nature?
We are characterised by our abilities and our creativity as producers
75
Summaries: What is Proudhon's view of the state?
The state is oppressive and must be abolished. This could happen though peaceful, democratic means but might be achieved by force
76
Summaries: What is Proudhon's view of society?
Mutualism is the basis of a strong society. This involves people being bound together by mutually beneficial economic and social relations
77
Summaries: What is Proudhon's view of the economy?
People should be divided into independent productive units, trading with each other on a mutually beneficial basis
78
Summaries: What is Goldman's view of human nature?
Individual liberty must be upheld. The desire for freedom is fundamental to mankind
79
Summaries: What is Goldman's view of the state?
The state is only one source of oppression and denial of liberty. Religion and property ownership are equally oppressive.
80
Summaries: What is Goldman's view of society?
What is needed is a society in which all people are treated as equal. Also essential are economic, gender and racial equality
81
Summaries: What is Goldman's view of the economy?
Liberty is more important than economic justice, but communism is preferable to other economic systems

AQA:Political Ideologies (4 decks)

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