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3154 MSK > ANAT > Flashcards

ANAT Flashcards

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1
Q

MSK system

A
  • Organ system for movement = muscular + skeletal system
  • Provides:
    • Form, support, stability, movement to body
    • Supports and binds tissues and organs tgt
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2
Q

skeletal functions

A
  • Main storage for calcium and phosphorous (electrolyte balance)
    • Regulate mineral balance in bloodstream
    • Fluctuation of minerals is HIGH = storage
    • Minerals low = withdrawn from bone
  • Hematopoiesis occurs in bones (blood formation)
    • Yellow bone marrow – fatty connective tissue, in marrow cavity (ENERGY)
    • Red bone marrow – hematopoiesis/ blood cell production
    • Erythrocytes, PLT, leukocytes formed –> migrate to circ
  • Protection of vital organs
    • Provide structural support for body
  • support, movement
  • acid-base balance
  • storage of energy
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3
Q

patho

A
  • injury to bone, muscles etc
  • arthritis (gout, RA, OA)
  • osteoporosis
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4
Q

osteoblast

A

bone matrix synthesis and subsequent mineralization – BONE GROWTH

○ cells lining bone surface –> rest stage/ surround by matrix to form osteocytes

○ Derived from mesenchymal stem cells

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5
Q

osteocytes

A

Are osteoblasts that become incorporated within newly formed osteoid –> calcified bone

  • bone maintenance, remodel, mechano-sensing (bone organisation) COMMUNICATE

○ situated deep in bone matrix
○ Maintain contact by canaliculi (extensive network of cell processes) contact with osteoblast & osteoclast
○ transduce message to initiate formation and resorption

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6
Q

osteoclast

A

RESORPTION of mineralised tissue – allow expansion, remodel

○ Multinucleated, like macrophage (derived from hematopoietic lineage)
○ Attached to bone surface at sites of active bone resorption

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7
Q

types of bones

A

long (leg)
short (appendages)
flat (sternum, skull)
irregular (vertebrae)

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8
Q

206 bones in human

A

Axial skeleton (80bones)
* Skull (cranial + skull bones) 29
* Vertebral column 26
* Thorax (ribs + sternum) 25

Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
* Pectoral girdle - shoulder. UPPER limbs 64
* Pelvic girdle – hips. LOWER limbs 62

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9
Q

bone composition

A
  • Bone tissue (Hard connective tissues, calcified = COMPACT / SPONGY)
  • Periosteum (outer most covering)
  • Marrow cavity (RED/YELLOW)
  • endosteum (lines marrow cavity)
  • Articular cartilage (covers bones end)
  • Blood vessels
  • nerves
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10
Q

part of bone

A

diaphysis (shaft)
epiphysis (end)
metaphysis (near end) & epiphysis (disc of cartilage –> line) child –> adult

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11
Q

bone tissue cells and matrix

A
  • Cells
    ○ Osteocytes (Trapped in lacunae within bone matrix)
    ○ Osteoclasts (Inside to dissolve bone, allow for expansion)
    ○ Osteoblasts (outside)
  • Mineralised matrix
    ○ Organic
    ○ Inorganic
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12
Q

organic components of bone

A

○ Organic: protein fibers (collagen), cells, osteoid (by osteoblast = ground substances + collagen fibers)
contribute to structure, flexibility, tensile strength of bone

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13
Q

inorganic components of bone

A

○ Inorganic : hydroxyapatite (Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2), CaCO3, Mg, Na,K, F, SO4, CO3, OH

makes bones hard

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14
Q

compact bone

A
  • found on Outer layer of ALL bones & shaft of long bones
  • Almost no space b. layers of bone tissue
    ○ OSTEON (structural unit)
    * Osteocytes, Lacunae, Canaliculi
    ○ Lamellae (collagen fibers)
    * Concentric lamellae, interstitial lamellae
    ○ Central & perforating canals (in each osteon)
  • osteon: lamaellae alternating direction + osteocytes in between + lacunae + canaculi (connect the layers)
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15
Q

spongy bone tissue

A
  • Interior of skull, vertebrae, sternum, pelvis, end of long bones
  • Marrow cavities between trabeculae beams/ plate of bone
    ○ Contains RED bone marrow in cavity
    ○ Osteoblast (Surface), osteocyte, osteoclasts (found in specific parts, may be bigger)
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16
Q

periosteum

A

outermost
* Fibrous outer & osteogenic underneath layer

  • thin layer of membranous connective tissue that covers all bones in the body.
  • Not on articular cartilage
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17
Q

marrow cavity

A
  • Holds red/ yellow bone marrow
  • Has endosteum lining

RED: in flat, irregular bones. Ends of adult femur, humerus (HAEMATOPOIETIC)

YELLOW: fat tissue (differentiate into RED upon stress)

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18
Q

skull

A

frontal bone
parietal bone
temporaral bone
occipital bone
maxilla
mandible

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19
Q

impt bones

A

clavicle, scapula
sternum, rib
humerus, ulna (in), radius (out thumb)

hip bone
femur
patella
tibia, fibula

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20
Q

cartilage

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Made of tough cartilaginous connective tissue
  • Eg: found in articulating ends of bones, thorax, nose, trachea, outer ear, larynx
21
Q

cartilage composition

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A
  • Chondrocytes
  • Extracellular matrix
  • Perichondrium (cover): dense layer of fibrous connective tissue that covers many types of cartilage in the body
    • Since cartilage no blood vessels or nerves, supplied by perichondrium
22
Q

ECM in cartilage

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A
  • Collagen/ elastic fibers (cartilage cells in lacunae)
    • Arise from perichondrium & secrete cartilage matrix
  • Ground substances
    • (H2O, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans – chondroitin sulfates, keratan sulfates, hyaluronic acid)
23
Q

3 types of cartilage
based on fiber content, organisation, location

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. hyaline
  2. elastic
  3. fibrocartilage
24
Q

hyaline cartilage

Study These Flashcards
A

Coastal ribs (sternum)
Bronchi, trachea, larynx
Ends of most bones, Articular cartilage of knee

  • Translucent
  • Chondrocytes trapped in lacuna - maintain cartilage
  • Perichondrium - Made of extracellular proteins (ground subs)
25
elastic cartilage
External ear, epiglottis More collagen fibers Less translucent
26
fibrocartilage
Articular plate of knee Pubic symphysis Intervertebral disc * elastic fibers in matrix * easily compressible
27
joints
* Specialised site of contact or reunion between 2 or more bones
28
3 joint types
based on structure and range of movement * FIBROUS (immovable) * CARTILAGINOUS (range of mobility) * SYNOVIAL (free)
29
fibrous joint type
* FIBROUS -- dense connective tissue * Very limited mobility □ no joint cavity □ for connecting bones that dont require a lot of movement (suture lines of skull after development)
30
cartilaginous joint types
* CARTILAGINOUS -- a type of joint where the bones are entirely joined by cartilage, * Limited mobility and lack joint cavity * either hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate) * or fibrocartilage (shock absorber, vertebrae, pelvis)
31
synovial joint types
* SYNOVIAL -- between bones that move against each other. Joint cavity filled with fluid (synovial cavity) * articular cartilage at the ends of bones & Most mobile * articular capsule (synovial mem + fibrous layer) * Joint actively moved by contraction (shortening) of skeletal muscles that STRETCHES arocss □ Eg: shoulder & knee joints
32
components of synovial joint
* Joint capsule: link bones * Synovial membrane: Lines and produce fluid (space), lubricate surface of cartilage * synovial fluid -- hyaluronic acid * lubricant, reduce friction between cartilage * Articular cartilage: end of bone to absorb shock (protects bone, joint) -- some have menisci (separate articular surface) -- bursae (fluid filled sac to cushion tendon from joint) -- tendon (attach muscle to bone)
33
4 common mechanism of joints
* Ball-and-socket joint * most mobile, 3D mvoement * (shoulder, hip) * Hinge joint * most stable, 1D movement, less dislocation risk * (elbow, knee) * Pivot joint * 1 bone (radius) rotate along long axis of another bone ulnar) * radioulnar/ forearm, head- neck * Planar joint * glide between bones, small distance * intercarpal (finger), jaw, ankle
34
shoulder girdle (muscle + joints)
* Humerus (ball) + scapula (socket) * Joint capsule have ligaments (thickened connective tissue) * Enforce, strengthen joints for stability * Muscles across shoulder joint xray: cartilage space b. bones where not contacting each other
35
knee joint
* Hinge (femur & tibia) * Gliding (femur & patella) Major components: * Bone: femur, tibia, patella * Articular cartilage (a fibrocartilage) * No blood supply, synovial mem supplies * Meniscus: c-shaped cartilage that act as shock absorber (incr fitness + stability) * joint (snovial mem, joint capsule) * ligaments
36
perichondrium vs periosteum
perichondrium (hyaline cartilage) * dense connective tissue layer, covers cartilage * fibroblast cells * protect bone from injury/ elasticity periosteum * layer of connective tissue that promotes bone growth and devvelopment * osteoblast cells * surface of bone tissues (not joint face) * supply blood/ protection/ recovery from #
37
muscle connection
* Skeletal muscles * Attached to bones and arranged in opposing grps around joints * Muscles are innervated -- nerved conduct electrical current from CNS to cause muscle to contract
38
connection between bones, muscles, joints etc
* tendon (muscle - bone) * tough flexible fibrous connective tissue * joint (bone articulation) * allow movement * ligament (ends of bones) * limit joint dislocation, restrict movement * bursae (cushion bones, tendons, muscle)
39
muscular system defintion
* Extent, direction, force, duration of muscle contraction/ shorten mostly VOLUNTARILY controlled ○ 600 skeletal muscles (Specialised cells = muscle fibers) ○ Distributed in head, neck, trunk, limb ○ 40% of body weight
40
muscle function
* Work with bones & joints for movement ○ Obvious movement: Walk, pinch, respiration ○ Subtle movement: facial expression * Maintain posture, position, stability (steady) * Support & protect ○ Abdominal wall - protect internal organs ○ Pelvic diaphragm - support pelvic organs from prolapse * Guard entrances/ exits ○ Sphincters -- voluntary swallowing, micturition, defecation, parturition * Maintain body temp ○ Convert Chemical --> Heat during muscle contraction and shivering * Moves human body, organs , pump blood
41
types of muscle tissue
* skeletal * cardiac * smooth
42
cardiac
* Striated & involuntary * Fibers uninucleated * Only cover walls of heart
43
smooth muscle
* Non-striated & involuntary * Fibers, spindle shaped, uninucleated * Cover wall of internal organs
44
skeletal muscle
* Striated & voluntary, cylindrical, unbranched * plasma mem (sarcolemma), cytoplasma (sarcoplasm) □ Myofibrils & myofilaments □ Mito, GA, ribosomes, ER * Multi-nucleated * Flattened, near periphery beneath sarcolemna * Attached to skeleton (mostly)
45
skeletal muscle is made of
Myofilaments --> myofibrils --> muscle fibers (cells) --> muscle fascicles --> muscle * Sarcomere: contractile unit of skeletal muscle
46
Z line, M line
* Z line: thin myofilaments (made of F-actin) attached to * M line: thick myofilaments (made of myosin) attached to
47
I, A, H band
* I band: disc, zone with only thin myofilaments * A band: zone of thick myofilaments * H zone: zone with only thick myofilaments (not overlap with thin)
48
relax
* I band: widen * A band: shorten * H zone: incr
49
3 parts of muscle for a movement
* Origin -- muscle attachment that remains STATIONARY while musc contracts * Insertion -- muscle attachment that MOVES while musc contracts * Action -- specific movement produced by musc contraction * Flex, extension

3154 MSK (9 decks)

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