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3154 MSK > ANAT > Flashcards

ANAT Flashcards

1
Q

MSK system

A
  • Organ system for movement = muscular + skeletal system
  • Provides:
    • Form, support, stability, movement to body
    • Supports and binds tissues and organs tgt
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2
Q

skeletal functions

A
  • Main storage for calcium and phosphorous (electrolyte balance)
    • Regulate mineral balance in bloodstream
    • Fluctuation of minerals is HIGH = storage
    • Minerals low = withdrawn from bone
  • Hematopoiesis occurs in bones (blood formation)
    • Yellow bone marrow – fatty connective tissue, in marrow cavity (ENERGY)
    • Red bone marrow – hematopoiesis/ blood cell production
    • Erythrocytes, PLT, leukocytes formed –> migrate to circ
  • Protection of vital organs
    • Provide structural support for body
  • support, movement
  • acid-base balance
  • storage of energy
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3
Q

patho

A
  • injury to bone, muscles etc
  • arthritis (gout, RA, OA)
  • osteoporosis
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4
Q

osteoblast

A

bone matrix synthesis and subsequent mineralization – BONE GROWTH

○ cells lining bone surface –> rest stage/ surround by matrix to form osteocytes

○ Derived from mesenchymal stem cells

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5
Q

osteocytes

A

Are osteoblasts that become incorporated within newly formed osteoid –> calcified bone

  • bone maintenance, remodel, mechano-sensing (bone organisation) COMMUNICATE

○ situated deep in bone matrix
○ Maintain contact by canaliculi (extensive network of cell processes) contact with osteoblast & osteoclast
○ transduce message to initiate formation and resorption

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6
Q

osteoclast

A

RESORPTION of mineralised tissue – allow expansion, remodel

○ Multinucleated, like macrophage (derived from hematopoietic lineage)
○ Attached to bone surface at sites of active bone resorption

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7
Q

types of bones

A

long (leg)
short (appendages)
flat (sternum, skull)
irregular (vertebrae)

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8
Q

206 bones in human

A

Axial skeleton (80bones)
* Skull (cranial + skull bones) 29
* Vertebral column 26
* Thorax (ribs + sternum) 25

Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
* Pectoral girdle - shoulder. UPPER limbs 64
* Pelvic girdle – hips. LOWER limbs 62

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9
Q

bone composition

A
  • Bone tissue (Hard connective tissues, calcified = COMPACT / SPONGY)
  • Periosteum (outer most covering)
  • Marrow cavity (RED/YELLOW)
  • endosteum (lines marrow cavity)
  • Articular cartilage (covers bones end)
  • Blood vessels
  • nerves
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10
Q

part of bone

A

diaphysis (shaft)
epiphysis (end)
metaphysis (near end) & epiphysis (disc of cartilage –> line) child –> adult

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11
Q

bone tissue cells and matrix

A
  • Cells
    ○ Osteocytes (Trapped in lacunae within bone matrix)
    ○ Osteoclasts (Inside to dissolve bone, allow for expansion)
    ○ Osteoblasts (outside)
  • Mineralised matrix
    ○ Organic
    ○ Inorganic
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12
Q

organic components of bone

A

○ Organic: protein fibers (collagen), cells, osteoid (by osteoblast = ground substances + collagen fibers)
contribute to structure, flexibility, tensile strength of bone

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13
Q

inorganic components of bone

A

○ Inorganic : hydroxyapatite (Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2), CaCO3, Mg, Na,K, F, SO4, CO3, OH

makes bones hard

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14
Q

compact bone

A
  • found on Outer layer of ALL bones & shaft of long bones
  • Almost no space b. layers of bone tissue
    ○ OSTEON (structural unit)
    * Osteocytes, Lacunae, Canaliculi
    ○ Lamellae (collagen fibers)
    * Concentric lamellae, interstitial lamellae
    ○ Central & perforating canals (in each osteon)
  • osteon: lamaellae alternating direction + osteocytes in between + lacunae + canaculi (connect the layers)
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15
Q

spongy bone tissue

A
  • Interior of skull, vertebrae, sternum, pelvis, end of long bones
  • Marrow cavities between trabeculae beams/ plate of bone
    ○ Contains RED bone marrow in cavity
    ○ Osteoblast (Surface), osteocyte, osteoclasts (found in specific parts, may be bigger)
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16
Q

periosteum

A

outermost
* Fibrous outer & osteogenic underneath layer

  • thin layer of membranous connective tissue that covers all bones in the body.
  • Not on articular cartilage
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17
Q

marrow cavity

A
  • Holds red/ yellow bone marrow
  • Has endosteum lining

RED: in flat, irregular bones. Ends of adult femur, humerus (HAEMATOPOIETIC)

YELLOW: fat tissue (differentiate into RED upon stress)

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18
Q

skull

A

frontal bone
parietal bone
temporaral bone
occipital bone
maxilla
mandible

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19
Q

impt bones

A

clavicle, scapula
sternum, rib
humerus, ulna (in), radius (out thumb)

hip bone
femur
patella
tibia, fibula

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20
Q

cartilage

A
  • Made of tough cartilaginous connective tissue
  • Eg: found in articulating ends of bones, thorax, nose, trachea, outer ear, larynx
21
Q

cartilage composition

A
  • Chondrocytes
  • Extracellular matrix
  • Perichondrium (cover): dense layer of fibrous connective tissue that covers many types of cartilage in the body
    • Since cartilage no blood vessels or nerves, supplied by perichondrium
22
Q

ECM in cartilage

A
  • Collagen/ elastic fibers (cartilage cells in lacunae)
    • Arise from perichondrium & secrete cartilage matrix
  • Ground substances
    • (H2O, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans – chondroitin sulfates, keratan sulfates, hyaluronic acid)
23
Q

3 types of cartilage
based on fiber content, organisation, location

A
  1. hyaline
  2. elastic
  3. fibrocartilage
24
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

Coastal ribs (sternum)
Bronchi, trachea, larynx
Ends of most bones, Articular cartilage of knee

  • Translucent
  • Chondrocytes trapped in lacuna - maintain cartilage
  • Perichondrium - Made of extracellular proteins (ground subs)
25
Q

elastic cartilage

A

External ear, epiglottis

More collagen fibers
Less translucent

26
Q

fibrocartilage

A

Articular plate of knee
Pubic symphysis
Intervertebral disc

  • elastic fibers in matrix
  • easily compressible
27
Q

joints

A
  • Specialised site of contact or reunion between 2 or more bones
28
Q

3 joint types

A

based on structure and range of movement
* FIBROUS (immovable)
* CARTILAGINOUS (range of mobility)
* SYNOVIAL (free)

29
Q

fibrous joint type

A
  • FIBROUS – dense connective tissue
    • Very limited mobility

□ no joint cavity
□ for connecting bones that dont require a lot of movement (suture lines of skull after development)

30
Q

cartilaginous joint types

A
  • CARTILAGINOUS – a type of joint where the bones are entirely joined by cartilage,
  • Limited mobility and lack joint cavity
    • either hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate)
    • or fibrocartilage (shock absorber, vertebrae, pelvis)
31
Q

synovial joint types

A
  • SYNOVIAL – between bones that move against each other. Joint cavity filled with fluid (synovial cavity)
    • articular cartilage at the ends of bones & Most mobile
    • articular capsule (synovial mem + fibrous layer)
    • Joint actively moved by contraction (shortening) of skeletal muscles that STRETCHES arocss

□ Eg: shoulder & knee joints

32
Q

components of synovial joint

A
  • Joint capsule: link bones
  • Synovial membrane: Lines and produce fluid (space), lubricate surface of cartilage
  • synovial fluid – hyaluronic acid
    * lubricant, reduce friction between cartilage
  • Articular cartilage: end of bone to absorb shock (protects bone, joint)

– some have menisci (separate articular surface)
– bursae (fluid filled sac to cushion tendon from joint)
– tendon (attach muscle to bone)

33
Q

4 common mechanism of joints

A
  • Ball-and-socket joint
    * most mobile, 3D mvoement
    * (shoulder, hip)
  • Hinge joint
    * most stable, 1D movement, less dislocation risk
    * (elbow, knee)
  • Pivot joint
    * 1 bone (radius) rotate along long axis of another bone ulnar)
    * radioulnar/ forearm, head- neck
  • Planar joint
    * glide between bones, small distance
    * intercarpal (finger), jaw, ankle
34
Q

shoulder girdle
(muscle + joints)

A
  • Humerus (ball) + scapula (socket)
  • Joint capsule have ligaments (thickened connective tissue)
    * Enforce, strengthen joints for stability
  • Muscles across shoulder joint

xray: cartilage space b. bones where not contacting each other

35
Q

knee joint

A
  • Hinge (femur & tibia)
  • Gliding (femur & patella)

Major components:
* Bone: femur, tibia, patella
* Articular cartilage (a fibrocartilage)
* No blood supply, synovial mem supplies
* Meniscus: c-shaped cartilage that act as shock absorber (incr fitness + stability)
* joint (snovial mem, joint capsule)
* ligaments

36
Q

perichondrium vs periosteum

A

perichondrium (hyaline cartilage)
* dense connective tissue layer, covers cartilage
* fibroblast cells
* protect bone from injury/ elasticity

periosteum
* layer of connective tissue that promotes bone growth and devvelopment
* osteoblast cells
* surface of bone tissues (not joint face)
* supply blood/ protection/ recovery from #

37
Q

muscle connection

A
  • Skeletal muscles
    • Attached to bones and arranged in opposing grps around joints
    • Muscles are innervated – nerved conduct electrical current from CNS to cause muscle to contract
38
Q

connection between bones, muscles, joints etc

A
  • tendon (muscle - bone)
    • tough flexible fibrous connective tissue
  • joint (bone articulation)
    • allow movement
  • ligament (ends of bones)
    • limit joint dislocation, restrict movement
  • bursae (cushion bones, tendons, muscle)
39
Q

muscular system defintion

A
  • Extent, direction, force, duration of muscle contraction/ shorten mostly VOLUNTARILY controlled
    ○ 600 skeletal muscles (Specialised cells = muscle fibers)
    ○ Distributed in head, neck, trunk, limb
    ○ 40% of body weight
40
Q

muscle function

A
  • Work with bones & joints for movement
    ○ Obvious movement: Walk, pinch, respiration
    ○ Subtle movement: facial expression
  • Maintain posture, position, stability (steady)
  • Support & protect
    ○ Abdominal wall - protect internal organs
    ○ Pelvic diaphragm - support pelvic organs from prolapse
  • Guard entrances/ exits
    ○ Sphincters – voluntary swallowing, micturition, defecation, parturition
  • Maintain body temp
    ○ Convert Chemical –> Heat during muscle contraction and shivering
  • Moves human body, organs , pump blood
41
Q

types of muscle tissue

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
42
Q

cardiac

A
  • Striated & involuntary
  • Fibers uninucleated
  • Only cover walls of heart
43
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • Non-striated & involuntary
  • Fibers, spindle shaped, uninucleated
  • Cover wall of internal organs
44
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • Striated & voluntary, cylindrical, unbranched
  • plasma mem (sarcolemma), cytoplasma (sarcoplasm)
    □ Myofibrils & myofilaments
    □ Mito, GA, ribosomes, ER
  • Multi-nucleated
  • Flattened, near periphery beneath sarcolemna
  • Attached to skeleton (mostly)
45
Q

skeletal muscle is made of

A

Myofilaments –> myofibrils –> muscle fibers (cells) –> muscle fascicles –> muscle

  • Sarcomere: contractile unit of skeletal muscle
46
Q

Z line, M line

A
  • Z line: thin myofilaments (made of F-actin) attached to
  • M line: thick myofilaments (made of myosin) attached to
47
Q

I, A, H band

A
  • I band: disc, zone with only thin myofilaments
  • A band: zone of thick myofilaments
  • H zone: zone with only thick myofilaments (not overlap with thin)
48
Q

relax

A
  • I band: widen
  • A band: shorten
  • H zone: incr
49
Q

3 parts of muscle for a movement

A
  • Origin – muscle attachment that remains STATIONARY while musc contracts
  • Insertion – muscle attachment that MOVES while musc contracts
  • Action – specific movement produced by musc contraction
    * Flex, extension

3154 MSK (9 decks)

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