Anat Path Neuro Flashcards
(22 cards)
Developmental field defects may be…
- Monotypic: sirenomelia, otocephaly
- Polytypic: kidneys, limb buds and brain in Meckel-Gruber syndrome
Define the term: developmental field.
Morphogenic unit of the embryo in which the development of the complex structure is determined in a spatially co-ordinated, synchronous and hierarchical manner.
Causes of developmental field defects may be…
Intrinsic: primary field defect or malformation eg genetic
Extrinsic: secondary defects, disruptions
Define ‘syndrome’
Recognisable pattern of anomalies known or thought to be causally related
Define ‘disruption’
Extrinsic breakdown of or interference with with an originally normal developmental process.
Causally heterogeneous
Define ‘sequence’
Pattern of multiple anomalies derived from a single known or presumed prior anomaly or mechanical factor.
Potter’s sequence: morphological changes secondary to compression in oligohydramnios
Deformation is…
Abnormal form, shape or position of part of the body caused by mechanical forces.
Extrinsic: oligohydramnios
Intrinsic: nervous system defect, hypomobility
Teratogens - drugs
Thalidomide Warfarin Hormones Folic acid antagonists Vit A
FAS characteristics
Pre and post natal growth retardation
Facial anomalies
CNS abnormalities
TORCHeS
Toxoplasma Rubella CMV Herpes Syphilis
Parvovirus
Effects of congenital infections
IUGR Microcephaly and mental retardation Deafness Cateracts, retinopathy, micropthalmia Congenital heart disease
Congenital syphilis
Transmission at any stage Hydrops + placental oedema Osteochondritis, metaphysitis Pancreatitis Hepatosplenomegaly Pneumonia Skin lesions
Types of reactions to CNS viruses
Meningitis/encephalitis/myelitis
Post-vaccinial/peri-venous demyelination
SSPE
Causes of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage
65% berry aneurism
20% idiopathic
Blood dyscrasias
Ruptured AV malformation
Focal head injuries
Cerebral contusions and lacerations
Coup and contrecoup
Diffuse axonal injury
Caused by acceleration/deceleration with a rotational component
Immediate unconsciousness
May have discrete haemorrhages in corpus callosum and brainstem
Stroke
A cerebrovascular neurological deficit lasting longer than 24 hours
Stroke risk factors
Hypertension Atherosclerosis DM CAD Cardiac failure AF
Causes of intracerebral harmorrhage
Hypertension, rupture of arterioles
Children: trauma ruptured AV malformation
Older adults: amyloid angiopathy
Causes of cerebral infarction
Arterial thrombosis Embolic arterial occlusion Head injury SAH Generalised vascular disease Hypoperfusion, hypoxia Venous thrombosis
Types of cerebral infarction
Watershed White matter Laminar Pale Haemorrhagic
Modes of brain herniation
Sub-falcine
Lateral, central and upward transtentorial
Tonsillar
Fungus cerebri
