Anat Path Neuro

Question 0

Developmental field defects may be…

Answer 0

• Monotypic: sirenomelia, otocephaly

- Polytypic: kidneys, limb buds and brain in Meckel-Gruber syndrome

Question 1

Define the term: developmental field.

Answer 1

Morphogenic unit of the embryo in which the development of the complex structure is determined in a spatially co-ordinated, synchronous and hierarchical manner.

Question 2

Causes of developmental field defects may be…

Answer 2

Intrinsic: primary field defect or malformation eg genetic

Extrinsic: secondary defects, disruptions

Question 3

Define ‘syndrome’

Answer 3

Recognisable pattern of anomalies known or thought to be causally related

Question 4

Define ‘disruption’

Answer 4

Extrinsic breakdown of or interference with with an originally normal developmental process.

Causally heterogeneous

Question 5

Define ‘sequence’

Answer 5

Pattern of multiple anomalies derived from a single known or presumed prior anomaly or mechanical factor.

Potter’s sequence: morphological changes secondary to compression in oligohydramnios

Question 6

Deformation is…

Answer 6

Abnormal form, shape or position of part of the body caused by mechanical forces.

Extrinsic: oligohydramnios
Intrinsic: nervous system defect, hypomobility

Question 7

Teratogens - drugs

Answer 7

Thalidomide
Warfarin
Hormones
Folic acid antagonists
Vit A

Question 8

FAS characteristics

Answer 8

Pre and post natal growth retardation
Facial anomalies
CNS abnormalities

Question 9

TORCHeS

Answer 9

Toxoplasma
Rubella
CMV
Herpes
Syphilis

Parvovirus

Question 10

Effects of congenital infections

Answer 10

IUGR
Microcephaly and mental retardation
Deafness
Cateracts, retinopathy, micropthalmia
Congenital heart disease

Question 11

Congenital syphilis

Answer 11

Transmission at any stage
Hydrops + placental oedema
Osteochondritis, metaphysitis
Pancreatitis
Hepatosplenomegaly
Pneumonia
Skin lesions

Question 12

Types of reactions to CNS viruses

Answer 12

Meningitis/encephalitis/myelitis

Post-vaccinial/peri-venous demyelination

SSPE

Question 13

Causes of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage

Answer 13

65% berry aneurism
20% idiopathic
Blood dyscrasias
Ruptured AV malformation

Question 14

Focal head injuries

Answer 14

Cerebral contusions and lacerations

Coup and contrecoup

Question 15

Diffuse axonal injury

Answer 15

Caused by acceleration/deceleration with a rotational component

Immediate unconsciousness

May have discrete haemorrhages in corpus callosum and brainstem

Question 16

Stroke

Answer 16

A cerebrovascular neurological deficit lasting longer than 24 hours

Question 17

Stroke risk factors

Answer 17

Hypertension
Atherosclerosis
DM
CAD
Cardiac failure
AF

Question 18

Causes of intracerebral harmorrhage

Answer 18

Hypertension, rupture of arterioles
Children: trauma ruptured AV malformation
Older adults: amyloid angiopathy

Question 19

Causes of cerebral infarction

Answer 19

Arterial thrombosis
Embolic arterial occlusion
Head injury 
SAH
Generalised vascular disease
Hypoperfusion, hypoxia
Venous thrombosis

Question 20

Types of cerebral infarction

Answer 20

Watershed
White matter
Laminar
Pale
Haemorrhagic

Question 21

Modes of brain herniation

Answer 21

Sub-falcine
Lateral, central and upward transtentorial
Tonsillar
Fungus cerebri