ANAT Respiratory

Question 1

1. Match the following paranasal sinuses to the apertures through which they drain into the nasal cavity:

• Frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary
• nasolacrimal duct
• Sphenoethmoidal recess and superior, middle & inferior meatuses

Answer 1

By sinuses:

• frontal - middle meatus
• ethmoidal - middle & superior meatus
• sphenoidal - sphenoethmoidal recess
• maxillary - middle meatus

By apertures:

• sphenoethmoidal recess - sphenoidal sinus (most superior)
• superior meatus - ethmoidal (posterior)
• middle meatus - ethmoidal (anterior, middle), frontal, maxillary
• inferior meatus - nasolacrimal duct (tears from eye)

Question 2

2. Which of the following is correct?
   a) the frontal, ethmoidal and sphenoidal paranasal sinuses drain through the middle meatus to the nasal cavity
   b) the nasolacrimal duct drains tears from the eye through the sphenoethmoidal recess
   c) the ethmoidal sinuses drains through the middle and inferior meatuses
   d) all of the above are correct
   e) none of the above are correct

Answer 2

e) none were correct:
a) sinuses that drain through the middle meatus include the frontal and ethmoidal (correct) and also the maxillary, but not the sphenoidal, which drains through the sphenoethmoidal recess.
b) the nasolacrimal duct drains through the inferior meatus, whereas none of the other paranasal sinuses drain through this meatus.
c) the ethmoidal sinuses drains from the superior and middle meatuses, but not the inferior.

Question 3

3. True or False?

The posterior air cells of the ethmoidal sinus drains into the middle meatus.

Answer 3

False

The posterior ethmoidal sinus drain into the superior meatus (the only paranasal sinus that drains to here).

The anterior and middle air cells of the ethmoidal sinus drain into the middle meatus.

(The middle meatus also contains the openings to the frontal and maxillary paranasal sinuses).

Question 4

4. What feature has the following function:
   * Produce a mucus that moisturises the inside of the nose*
   a) Olfactory sustentacular cells
   b) Conchae of lateral wall of nasal cavity
   c) Nasolacriomal canal/duct
   d) Paranasal sinuses

Answer 4

d) Paranasal sinuses

The mucus also protects from pollutants, microorganisms, dust and dirt.

Question 5

5. Which sinus lies between the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and the medial walls of the orbits?

Answer 5

Ethmoidal sinuses / air cells

Question 6

6. The maxillary sinuses are shaped like which fruit?

Where is the opening of the maxillary sinus with respect to its floor?

Answer 6

“Pear” - however more pyramidal in shape.

The opening is superomedial wrt the floor of the maxillary sinus.

(NB: roof is made up of the floor of the orbit)

Question 7

7. Order the following features of the larynx from superior to inferior:

• vestibular fold
• rima glottidis
• laryngeal inlet
• vocal folds
• vestibule
• trachea
• infraglottic cavity
• laryngeal ventricle

Answer 7

Laryngeal inlet, vestibule, vestibular fold, laryngeal ventricle, vocal folds / rima glottidis, infraglottic cavity, trachea.

Notes:

• vestibule: the space between the laryngeal inlet and vestibular fold (false vocal chords)
• laryngeal ventricle: space between vestibular fold and vocal fold (true vocal chords)
• rima glottidis: space between vocal folds and arytenoid cartilages
• infraglottic cavity: space between vocal folds and trachea

Question 8

8. Describe the components of the pulmonary hilum.

Answer 8

• veins (anterior, inferior; carry out oxygenated blood)
• arteries (superior; carry in deoxygenated blood)
• bronchi (posterior)
• “bronchopulmonary”/”hilar” lymph nodes (scattered, black)
• nerves (can’t see macroscopically)

Question 9

9. What structures does the parietal pleura cover?
   Where is it continuous with the visceral pleura?

Answer 9

Covers the ribs, continuous with the visceral pleura at the pulmonary ligament.

Question 10

10. Is the visceral pleura firmly or loosely attached to the surface of the lung?

Answer 10

Firmly, within all fissures and grooves (like the visceral pericardium of the heart).

Question 11

11. What structures of the nervous system innervate the respiratory system and specifically what parts and their effects?

Answer 11

• phrenic nerves (left & right)
  
  • motor to diaphragm
  • sensory to pa**rietal portion of pleura
  • terminates in diaphragm
    ​
• vagus nerves (left & right)
  
  • PSNS innervation to trachea, bronchi & lungs
  • bronchoconstriction
  • increases secretions
  • decreases respiratory rate
• sympathetic trunk
  
  • SNS to trachea, bronchi & lungs
  • bronchodilation
  • reduces secretions
  • increases respiratory rate