ANAT2009 Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
Identify and describe the 6 characteristics of arboreal primates
A
- nails instead of claws - large, flat, sensitive tactile bad which requires a flat nail
- free mobility of digits - long prehensile digits (curl), opposability of finger + toes, precision + power grip.
- generalized/primitive limb structure - clavicle + rotation of shoulder = greater range of movement
- visual adaptations - eye socket face forward (depth), acuity and colour vision,
- reduction in sense of smell - use of touch, reduction in snout
- trunk uprightness - preadaptation to bipedalism
2
Q
Identify the 3 adaptive trend characteristics of all primates
A
- arboreal
- maintenance of dietary variation
- large amounts of parental care invested in a very small number of offspring.
3
Q
What characteristics of the tree shrew fit a classification of a primate, and what dont
A
not primate - claws not nails, projecting snout
primate - good grasping abilities
4
Q
Describe the major characteristics of the Prosiminian lemur and loris
A
nocturnal, nails on some digits, good grasping abilities, but long snout. Good eyesight, but depends on smell.
5
Q
Describe the major characteristics of the Tarsier
A
nocturnal, small, large ears, eye sockets have posterior pony wall, smaller snout, more parental care, more grooming, some facial expression, larger brain, stereoscopic vision.
6
Q
Describe the characteristics of new world monkeys
A
most varied group of primates, mostly arboreal, quadrupedal, broad + flat noses, 3 premolars, prehensile tail, larger brain
7
Q
Describe the characteristics of Baboons
A
two premolars, mainly arboreal, quadrupedal, terrestrial, prolonged gestation, tails not prehensile, manipulative abilities, larger brain.
8
Q
Describe the characteristics of Gibbon and Siamang hylobates
A
smaller than other apes, large brain, long gestation, broadening trunk, long limbs, no tail. best brachiators
9
Q
Describe the characteristics of the orangutan
A
only Asian great ape, large brain long gestation, broadening trunk, long limbs, no tail, fist walker, solitary, marked sexual differences.
10
Q
Describe the characteristics of the chimpanzee - pan troglodytes
A
arboreal and terrestrial, large brain, long gestation, broad trunk, longer limbs, no tail. Sex differences not marked.
11
Q
Describe the characteristics of the pygmy chimpanzee - pan paniscus
A
arboreal and terrestrial, large brain, long gestation, broad trunk, longer limbs, no tail. Sex differences not marked.
Lighter, larger breasts, more individual facial features
12
Q
true or false:
- primates were the first group fo placental mammals to differentiate
- the earliest evidence of hominids was 20 MYA
A
true
true
13
Q
Define the terms:
- hominoids
- hominids
- hominins
A
- hominoids - all humans and great apes including gibbons
- hominids - all humans and great apes (not including gibbons)
- hominins - humans and all their ancestors
14
Q
Describe the 4 hominin adaptations
A
- locomotion - bipedalism:
- frees the hands
- height is an advantage in spotting predators, easier to pick fruits, carry food, tools or babies, appear larger/more intimidating, cover wide, open landscapes. - jaws and teeth:
- parabolic, loss of diastema, small incisors, large posterior teeth for efficient grinding - orthognathic rather than prognathic:
- reduced jaws due to reduction in size of teeth - increased intelligence:
- changes in relative absolute brain size
- changes in structure and organization of the brain.
15
Q
Identify the possible first early hominin
A
sahlenathropus
16
Q
describe the following with regards to the sahlenathropus
- brain volume
- foramen magnum
- canines
- where the fossil was found
A
Brain volume 320/380 CC (similar to chimps), foramen magnum located anteriorly (bipedal), canines smaller
chad, central africa
17
Q
describe the following with regards to orrin
- bipedal
- finger bones
- canines
- where the fossil was found
A
bipedal?
skeleton shows apelike features - long, curved finger bones and apelike canine an premolar teeth.
Kenya, Africa
18
Q
describe the following with regards to Ardi
- bipedal
- toe
- canines
- brain size
- where the fossil was found
A
Bipedal, grasping big toe (quadrupedal in trees), hands adapted to arboreal life, reduced canine, small brain
ethipoia
19
Q
describe the following with regards to australopithecus aferensis (lucy)
- big toe
- bipedal
- canines
- gait
- where the fossil was found
A
apelike features in forearm, small brain
small canines, enlarged molars, pelvis allowed upright posture and bipedal locomotion. big toe in line with rest of foot.
gait = heel strike, toe off
ethipoia
20
Q
describe the following with regards to australopithecus africanus
- molars realtive to aferensis
- where the fossil was found
A
larger molars than aferensis, now considered a side line to humans
south africa
21
Q
describe the following with regards to australopithecus sediba
- orthognathic or prognathic?
- brain size
- canines
- where the fossil was found
A
face reduced, canines reduced, brain small
south aftica
22
Q
describe the following with regards to paranthropus robustus
- jaws
- teeth
- sexual dimorphsim
- where was found
A
not thought to be on the human line now
enlarged face, jaws, teeth, moderate sexual dimorphism
south africa
23
Q
describe the following with regards to paranthropus boisei
- jaws
- teeth
- sexual dimorphsim
- size of face
- where was found
A
marked sexual dimorphism, great enlargement of the face, jaws and teeth, probably not ancestral to humans
east Africa
24
Q
identify the distinguishing features of homo
A
- large brain relative to body size
- small teeth
- bipedal
- tool manufacture
- slow development
- foramen magnum under skull
- prominent nose
- short base of skull
- chin
25
Fescribe the following with regards to homo habbilis
- skull
- orthognatic or prognathic
- teeth
- length of arms
- locomotion
- tools
- where was found
skull advanced in both shape and volume, molars and premolars are small and narrow, orthognathic face, long arms, posture and locomotion different to australopithecines, tool maker
Africa
26
Fescribe the following with regards to homo errectus
- brain
- postcranial skelton
- teeth
- brow ridges
- where was found
larger brain, teeth smaller, postcranial skeleton similar to H spaiens in size but more robust, prominent brow ridge
kenya
27
Fescribe the following with regards to homo floresiensis
- bipedal
- stone tools?
- teeth
- face size
- brain
- where was found
What is unusual about this fossil? Describe the theories proposed to account for this fossil .
bipedal, long arms, primitive teeth, small brain, modern stone tools, canine pillars, large face, small braincase (380cc)
Unusual:
- upper limb relative to lower limb doesn't fit with apes or humans
- brain small for its time
theory 1: dwarfed form homo erectus:
- island = less food, so advantage to be small
Theory 2: pathological
- pathological homo sapien i.e. microencephalic
- persons with microencephaly have small brain, normal size face and are sometimes of small stature
- but there were 7 found? so unlikely
Theory 3: pathological
- prenatal development is disrupted by a lack of iodine, and subsequent hyperthyroisism
28
Describe the following with regards to Homo Neanderthalensis
- brain
- postcranial skelton
- teeth
- brow ridges
- language?
- where was found
teeth smaller, except incisors, brow ridge slightly larger than H. Sapiens, large nose, midface projection, very heavily built, adapted for cold, language (hyoid bone similar to humans)
Europe and West Africa
29
Identify the major characteristics of Homo sapiens
large brain, moderate to small brow ridges, orthognathic, presence of chin, teeth smaller, skeleton originally adapted to warm environment,
complex tool making
30
Describe the out of Africa theory and the multiregional theory
out of africa - modern humans arose in africa, then spread to the rest of the world. As result of adaption to different environemnts and genetic drift, we started to appear different.
Multi-regional theory - Homo Erectus moved out of Africa and continue to evolve in the rest of the world as homosapiens.
31
Compare the function of the upper limb with humans and chimps
humans - manipulation, mobility, locomotion, throwing, balance, support
chimps - brachiation, suspension, manipulation, quadrupedalism, knuckle walking or fist walking
Both have equal freedom of movement in the pectoral girdle and shoulder joint. scapula not fixed.
32
Describe the features on the inferior surface of the clavicle
- lateral - costoclavicular impression for the ligament of the first rib
- medial - trapezoid line
- medial - conoid tubercle
33
Describe the features on the superior surface of the clavicle
- anterolateral - deltoid tuberosity
- posteriolateral - roughened area for attachment of trapezius
- anteriomedial - area for attchment of pectoralis major m.
34
Describe the sternoclavicular joint including the ligaments
- synovial joint
- gliding
- costoclavicular ligament - 1st rib to clavicle (limits elevation of shoulder)
- interclavicular ligament - limits depression of shoulder
35
Describe the acromioclavicular joint including the ligaments
- acromium of the scapula with lateral end of the clavicle - synovial joint
- gliding
- acromioclavicular ligament + coracoclavicular ligament
36
what type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
- synovial, ball and socket
37
Compare the calvicle in the human and ape.
- cranial twist on clavicle in apes - orientation at lateral end more superior
- apes have an additional muscle - atlanto- clavicular, which elevates the clavicle
- supraspinous fossa smaller in humans, larger in apes to allow for large supraspinatus muscle
38
Compare the glenohumeral joint in humans and apes
- chimps: cranially orientated glenohumeral joint in chimps + medially facing head of humerous = increase strength of elevation
- humans: inferiorly facing head of humerus = good for manipulation
39
What additional muscle does the ape have in relation to the pectoral girdle
additional muscle - pectoralis abdominus to flex arm and assist climbing
40
Describe the movements of the clavicle, scapula and shoulder
clavicle - elevation and depression, protraction and retraction, slight rotation back and forward
scapula - retraction and protraction, elevation and depression
shoulder - flexion, extension adduction, abduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation
41
What muscles are involved in scapular stablisation?
- trapezius
- levator scapulae
- rhomboid minor
- rhomboid major
- serratus anterior
- pectoralis minor
42
Identify the muscle of the musculo-tendinous (rotator) cuff
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- teres minor
- subscapularis
43
Identify the muscles involved in coming the shoulder joint
- deltoid
- pectoralis major
- lattisimus dorsi
- terres major
- coracobrachialis
- biceps brachii
- triceps brachii
44
is the glenoid fossa cranially orienated in australopithecines?
yes, suggests aboreal
45
Describe the anatomy of homo erectus' shoulder and what can we infer in terms of function?
dorsally placed scapula, long calcivle, lateral glenoid fossa, humeral torsion, storage of elastic energy in ligaments and shoulders.
good throwers = more meat = larger bodies and brains
46
does the homo floresiensis fossil have a cranial twist on the clavicle? why or why not?
no, not aboreal
47
Describe the humero-ulnar joint and the movments
synovial, hinge
trochlear of humerous and trochlear notch of ulnar
flexion and extension
48
describe the humero-radial joint and the movments
synovia, hinge
capitulum of humerous and head of radius
flexion and extension
49
Describe the radio-ulnar joints and the movements
superiod - synovia, pivot
inferior - synovial, pivot
pronation and supination
50
Identify a similarity of the elbow between chimps and humans
wide trochlear - stability between humorous and ulna, frees radius for pronation and supination
51
identify the differences in the following structures between apes and humans - link to function:
- capitulum
- lateral trochlear ridge
- olecranon fosa
- lateral epicondyle and ridge
- medial epicondule and ridge
- extra msucles?
- lateral curvature of radius
- radial tuberosity
- trochlear
- medial curvature of ulna
- capitulum extends onto posterior surface in apes - greater arc of movement
- lateral trochlear ridge well developed in apes - prevent dislocation during knuckle-walking
- olecranon fossa deeper in apes - greater hypertension
- lateral epicondyle and ridge more developed in apes - lever advantage
- medial epicondyle and ridge more developed in apes = lever advantage
- extra muscle - dorso-epitrochlearis muscle - strength in climbing
- lateral curvature of shaft of radius greater in apes - longer pronator muscles
- radial tuberosity medial in apes, anterior in humans - greater mechanical advantage of biceps in apes
- wider trochlear notch in apes - transmission of weight
- medial curvature of shaft of ulna greater in apes - longer pronator muscles, increased power
52
Does the Ardipithecus and Australopithecus elbow support knuckle-walking
both no! probably evolved after humans and apes split.
53
Is the triquetrum medial or lateral in the anatomical positon?
medial
54
classify these joints:
- radio-carpal
- inter-carpal
- carpo-metacarpal
- inter-metacarpal
- metacarpo-phalangeal
- radio-carpal - elipsoid, synovial
- inter-carpal - gliding, synovial
- carpo-metacarpal - gliding, synovial
- inter-metacarpal - gliding, synovial
- metacarpo-phalangeal - elipsoid, synovial
- interphalageal - hinge, synvoial
55
Describe some morphological features of the human hand with respect to:
- fibrocarltiage
- extension
- 1st carpometacarpal joint
- heads of metacarpals
- aprical tufts
- fibrocartilage between ulna and carpals allows further adduction
- screwing up of proximal carpals when wrist is extended = strength in extension
- 1st carpometacarpal saddle = increase mobility
- heads of metacarpals asymmetric = fingers cup towards thumb
- strongly developed apical tufts for ins
56
Describe some morphological features of the ape hand with regards to thier:
- capitate
- carpometacarpal joint movment
- pisiform
- proximal phalanges
- flexor sheaths
- waisted capitate = enhanced conjoint rotation during locomotion
- carpometacarpal joint- 2-5th less mobile, 4-5th movement limited by hamate - prevent flexion and cupping
- pisiform bone elongated - enhance leverage of flexor carpi ulnaris
- proximal phalanges have greater longitudinal curvature for strongly developed flexor muscles
- flexor sheath ridges very strongly developed on sides
of phalanges = large flexor sheats = flexor muscles
57
name the muscles of the thenar eminance and hypothenar eminance from lateral to medial with respect to the hand.
thenar - abductor pollicus brevis , opponens pollicus brevis (inferior), flexor pollicus previs
hypothenar - abductor digit minimi, opponens digit minimi (inferior), flexor digiti minimi brevis
58
Compare lucy's hand to humans and chimps with respect to:
- finger length
- 1st metacarpal joint
- transverse ridges
- hamate
- flexor apparatus - eg. pisiform bones + flexor sheaths
Similar to humans:
- thumb to finger ratio 50%
- 1'st carpo-metacarpal joint is saddle like
- no transverse ridges on dorsal surface of metacarpal heads
Similar to apes:
- hamate articulates with M4 and M5 - interferes with cupping of hand
- flexor apparatus strongly developed like apes - long pisiform bones, marked insertion area for flexor superficial, well developed flexor sheaths
59
Classify these joints:
- skull bones
- mandible-temporal
- teeth-mandible/maxilla
- atlanto-occipital joint
- skull bones - fibrous, immobile
- mandible-temporal - synovial, hinge
- teeth-mandible/maxilla - fibrous, immobile
- atlanto-occipital joint - synovial, hinge
60
What does immediate pre-hominins refer to?
those hominoids that gave rise to species that evolved hominins along the line
61
What structure of the brain do all primates have, but not all mammals
LPFC
62
Describe a major difference in the brains of early mammals and hominids
early mammals - simple thalamic connections
hominids - connectivity between thalmus and cortex more complex. Decrease in sensory regions, increase in association areas.
63
Identify which species exhibit cerebral dominance, in terms of language areas
MHS, mild hemispheric asynchronies present in extant primates and australopithecines, homo (thought to be related to tool manufacturing, not lanugage)
64
Identify the 3 theories of brain expansion
1. ecolocial factors
2. social brain
3. bipedalism
65
Explain the ecological theory of brain expansion
climate:
- tropical forests to open grassland and variable habitats
- therefore require large brain due to complex foraging and predatory demands
Diet:
- diet of fish and meat required skill and social cooperation, memory/navigation, tool use and cooking.
- metabolic rate is the same across all primates, but we have paleolithic diet which contains a lot of omega acids critical for neuronal functions
66
Explain the social brain theory of brain expansion
- earlier adaptations to the environment lead to increase in population, increase social complexity and selecting for greater intelligence: cooperation, deception, communication
- correlation between social group size and neocortex across primates
- advantage of social brain - hunter-gatherer groups
67
explain the bipedalism theory of brain expansion
Freeing the limbs:
- enslavement of foot for weight bearing = reduced cortisol representation for foot and increasing availability of cortex
- allowed fine motor skills of hand to develop = tool production
- tool production selected for intelligence = larger brain
Radiator theory:
- brain cant get too hot - this was a constraining factor of species living in Havana habitats
- bipedalism means blood pumped against gravity, hence different blood vessels for blood drainage - sits close to skin, allows heat to exit skull
- thus the network of veins acted as a radiator to remove a thermal constraint on brain size
Delegation theory:
- delegation of information processing
- spend little time consciously thinking about maintaining a balance
- ability to delegate routine tasks from the cortex to other brain regions more developed in HS
- liberates cortex to deal with novel, unpredictable tasks
68
Classify these joints and state what bones they involve:
- atlantooccipital joint
- atlantoaxial joint
- intervertebral disc joints (IVDJ)
- intervertebral zygapophyseal joints
- sacroiliac joint
- atlantooccipital joint - condyles of occipital bone + superior articular process of atlas, synovial, hinge
- atlantoaxial joint - axis and atlas, synovial, pivot joint
- intervertebral disc joints (IVDJ) - bodies of vertebra, cartilaginous, solid
- intervertebral zygapophyseal joints - articular processes of vertebra, synovial, plane joints
- sacroiliac joint - tuberosity of the illum and the sacrum, synovial, fibrous
69
Compare these structures of the vertebral column of the ape and humans:
- AOJ
- secondary curvatures
- body size of the vertebra
- axis of centre of gravity
- thoracic/lumbar ratio
- SIJ + LSJ
- Sacrum Lumosacral angle
- AOJ - anterior in MHS and posterior in ape
- secondary curvatures - 2 in MHS, 1 slight curve in ape
- body size - marked increase as go down in MHS, slight increase as go down in chimp
- Axis of CoG - close, parallel in MHS, angled away in ape
- T/L ratio - 12/5 MHS, 13/4-3 Ape
- SIJ + LSJ - large MHS, small aoe
- lumosacral angle - short, side curved, 60 degrees in MHS, short wide, long narrow flat, 30 degrees in chimp.
70
Describe the vertebral column of the australopithecine with respect to its; - AOJ
- secondary curvatures
- body size of the vertebra
- SIJ + LSJ
- Sacrum Lumosacral angle
- AOJ - anterior
- secondary curvatures - 1 lumbar
- body size of the vertebra - increase
- SIJ + LSJ - small
- Sacrum Lumosacral angle - short, wider, flat 45 degrees
71
Compare the male and female pelvis in terms of the:
- inlet
- walls
- sacrum
- ishial tuberosity + ishial spine
- outlet
- acetabulum
- interacetabular distance
- external muscles
- inlet - F = wide, oval, M = narrow, heart
- walls - F = short, vertical, M = long, inward slope
- sacrum - F = short, wider, M = longer, narrow
- ishial tuberosity + ishial spine - F = outward, M=inward
- outlet - F= large, M=smaller
- acetabulum - F= smaller, M=longer
- interacetabular distance- F=larger, M = smalller
- external muscles - F =smaller, M=larger
72
Compare the general shape of the Chimp, Human and fossil hominin pelvis
ape - long, narrow, flattened, posterior-anterior plane
humans - squat, wide, circular, 3D quality
fossil hominin - squat, wide, ellipsoid pelvis
73
Compare the relative evolutionary development of balance aspects of bipedalism, large pelvic activity, force transfer aspects of bipedalism large foetal head
balance aspects of bipedalism - early
large pelvic activity early
force transfer aspects of bipedalism - late
large foetal head - late
74
Describe what is occurring in terms of the hip joint in the stance and swing phases of bipedal walking (for MHS)
stance - hip joint extends and moves from flexion to extension by the action of posterior thigh muscles - thurst. Early abduction of the hip joint by gluteus medius and Maximus helps maintain balance when other leg in swing
swing - hip joint flexes and moves from extension to flexion by the action of the rectus femoris and iliopsoas. In late swing the posterior thigh muscles act as a break to slow the flexion
75
In the chimp, MHS and austrlapithecus species, compare the following aspects of the femur.
length of femur -
size of femoral head and hip joint -
length of femoral neck, angle of femoral neck -
femoral condyles, size, profile -
femoral bicondylar angle -
femoral shaft, condyle -
length of femur - chimp = short, MHS = long, Aus = short/intermediate
size of femoral head and hip joint - chimp = small, MHS = large, Aus = small
length of femoral neck, angle of femoral neck - chimp = medium, 125-130 MHS =medium, 125-130 Aus = long, small
femoral condyles, size, profile - chimp = medial larger, circular, MHS = lateral larger, eliptical, Aus = elipitcal
femoral bicondylar angle - Chimp = small, 1-2 degrees, MHS = medium, 10 degrees, Aus = large, 15 degrees
femoral shaft, condyle - Chimp = vertical away from iddline, MHS - inward, close to midline, Aus = inward, close to midline
76
classify the knee joint
histologically synovial, mechanically modified hinge joint
77
How many of each vertebra do we have?
seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae and five lumbar vertebrae
78
In the human knee, is there more force transfer form the femur to the tibia on the lateral or medial side
lateral side
79
is the axis of centre of gravity in front or behind the knee joint and what does this mean for bipedal standing?
anterior to the knee joint, causing the knee joint to extend
80
compare the knee joint in the chimp, MHS and australopithecines
chimp - small, circular lateral meniscus, more rotation away from midline,
MHS - large, more congruent, less rotation, close to midline
Australopithecine - small, possible circular lateral meniscus, close to midline
81
compare the ankle joint in the chimp, MHS and the australopithecines
chimp - small, angles inferior articular surface of malleolus, away from midline, doesn't pass behind HJ in stance, asymmetric trochlea on talus
MHS - large, angular surface horizontal malleolus vertical , close to midline, pass behind HJ in stance, less assymetry on trochlea of talus
AUS - small, inferior articulr surface horizontal + some malleolar angulation, close to midline
82
in the ape, is the weight transfer from the femur to the tibia on the lateral or medial side of the knee joint
medial side
83
What is the significance of a knee joint away from the midline in the ape
balance
84
classify the following joints:
- intertarsal
- tarsometatarsal
- intermetatarsal
- metatarsophalangeal
- interphalangeal
- intertarsal - synovial, sliding
- tarsometatarsal - synovial, sliding
- intermetatarsal - synovial, sliding
- metatarsophalangeal - synovial, hinge
- interphalangeal - synovial, hinge
85
in the MHS is the coronal plane axis of centre of gravity anterior or posterior to the angle joint? And what does this mean for bipedal standing?
anterior, dorsiflexes the foot
86
compare the phalanges in the chimp, ardi, australopithecine and MHS
Chimp - long, gracile, curved
ardi - long, curved
Australopithecine - medium curved
MHS - short, robus, straight
87
compare the metatarsals in the chimp, ardi, australopithecine and MHS
chimp - 1 gracile and curved, faces other toes, curved basal joint, opposalble
ardi - 1 faces other toes, opposable
aus - 1 close and parallel to other toes, faces down
MHS - 1 robust, straight, close and parallel to other toes, faces ground, flat, non opposable
88
Wha additional muscle does the chimp have in the foot?
abductor hallicus longus
89
Does hominin include fossil apes?
no
90
What kind of joint is the tempero-mandiublar joint?
synovial hinge joint
91
What kind of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?
synovial hinge joint
92
Where does temporals attach?
temporal fossa
93
Where do the PNM's attach?
nuchal area
94
Does the hominoid neurocranium markedly increase in late or early hominoids.
late - the neurocranium increase gradually in size from earlier to later fossil hominids, then increase more quickly at a point that starts earlier than MHS
95
Do apes have a posterior predominance in the relative size of their teeth?
no! the anterior teeth are relatively larger than the more posterior ones, so they show an anterior dominance.
96
Has there ever been found an australopithecine with a diestema ?
yes sometimes..
97
what does the nuchal region correlate to?
the size of the posterior neck muscles, which correlates to the degree of facial prognathism
98
does the nuchal region directly reflect the size of the muscles of mastication?
no, any correlation is indirect
99
is the nuchal region relatively small or large in the australopithecine
intermediate..
100
relatively speaking, what is the size of the body of the cervical vertebra?
relativley small
101
do thoracic vertebrae have a foramen transversarim?
no, they are found in the cervical vertebrae
102
what vertebrae have the largest spines, and what shape are they?
lumbar vertebrae have the largest rectangular horizontal spines
103
Describe zygopophseal joints and what motion they produce in the cervical region
they are synovial sliding joints which form from the articular processes. In the cervical region, in association with the intervertebral disc joints, they allow flexion, tension, rotation and lateral flexion
104
What do the interspinous and supraspinsous ligaments do in the vertebral column?
these ligaments are towards the dorm of the vertebral column and act, with posterior longitudinal ligament, to limit flexion.
105
What ligament limits extension of the vertebral column?
the anterior longitude ligament
106
Where are the secondary curvatures located?
in the cervical and lumbar regions
107
Where is the centre of gravity in the MHS?
At about the level of sacral vertebrae 2
108
In the MHS, how large is the lumbosacral angle?
60 degrees
109
In the ape, is there a cervical curvature?
no
110
How many lumbar vertebrae are there in the ape?
often 4!
111
Describe the sacrum in the chimp VS australopithecine
long and narrow VS short and wide
112
where is the atlanto-occipital joint located in the australopithecine
anteriorly located
113
Do australopithecines have secondary a lumbar curvature?
yes
114
What is the lumbosacral angle in the australopithecine and the human
40 degrees VS 60 degrees
115
Is the centre of gravity lower in humans or apes?
humans
116
is the centre of gravity more anterior in humans or apes
apes
117
in apes, is the coronal plane of the axis in front or behind the flexed hip joint?
in front
118
Idenify (actue or obtuse) the angle at the point where the axis of centre of gravity meets the vertebral colum/skull
acute
119
What is the surface on the ilium that forms the sacroiliac joint?
auricular surface
120
What part of the hip bone helps form the hip joint?
acetabulum
121
What parts of the hip bone contribute to force transfer and pelvic stability during bipedal walking?
- thickening of the hip bone between the auricular surface and the acetabulum
- sacrotuberous ligament
- large lumbosacral joint
122
What parts of the hip bone contribute to force transfer and when sitting?
thickening of the hip bone between the auricular surface and ischial tuberosity.
123
Describe the ilium in australopithecines and humans
```
Aus = short, wide, flat
MHS = short, wide, curved
```
124
is the size of the ischium and is ilium and ischium in line in the ape, australopithecine and MHS. What does this mean for the illio-ishial angle?
apes = they have a long ischium almost aligned with the ilium. Angle = 170 degrees
Aus = medium length ischium which is not aligned. angle = 155 degrees
MHS = short ischium, not aligned, 140 degrees
125
What is the size of the pelvic cavity and foetal head in australopithecines, apes and MHS's ?
aus = cavity is large, head is small
apes = cavity is small, head small
MHS = cavity large, head large
126
What is one of the functions of the labrum of the hip joint?
extends the articular surface of the joint.
127
classify the hip joint
synovial ball and socket
128
what joint does the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligament stabilise?
sacroilliac joint
129
describe the hip joint in its close packed position
extended and medially rotated
130
what does illiopsoas do
flexes the hip
131
where is biceps femoris located?
lateral life of the posterior thigh
132
what group of muscles of rectus femurs part of?
anterior thigh muscles
133
in humans, in the bipedal position, does the plane of the axis of centre of gravity pass behind or in front of the hip? What does this mean for the hip joint?
behind the hip. this forces the joint into extension where it is stabalised by three femoral ligaments, saving the use of muscles and energy.
134
Is the hip joint extended or flexed in swing? what muscles are involved?
flexed
| illiopsoas and rectus femorus
135
In bipedal standing and walking, when are the smaller gluteal muscles activated?
early stance to stabilise the trunk at the stance hip joint as the other limb enters swing phase
136
In the australopithecine species, describe the femoral neck, angle of the femoral neck, bicondylar angle, positioning of femoral condyles
femoral neck large, angle of femoral neck small, binocular angle large, femoral condyles close to midline
137
In apes, what does gluteus minimus do?
extend the hip joint
138
In apes, can the posterior thigh muscles fully extend the hip joint in the bipedal position and quadrupedal position?
in apes the PTM's offer good extension in the quadrupedal positon but it is limited in the bipedal position.
139
in the ape, are the anterior or posterior thigh muscles more well developed? How does this compare to humans?
the anterior and posterior groups are about equally developed in apes, while in humans the anterior group are larger due to their postural/antigravity role
140
regarding the ape, in bipedal standing and walking, does the plane of the axis of centre of gravity pass anterior or posterior to the hip joint and knee joint?
anterior to the hip joint an posterior to the knee joint
141
Rearding apes, is the hip joint and knee joint flexed or extended in the bipedal position?
both flexed.
142
in late stance, is the hip joint significantly extended in the ape?
not significantly extended, and is sometimes describes as being flexed
143
Where is the soleal line?and what muscle attaches here?
on the posterior proximal tibia and is where the soleus attaches
144
what bone is the medial malleolus part of?
tibia
145
what type of bone is the patellar
sesamoid bone
146
classify the human knee joint
synovial
| classified mechanically in several ways - e.g. hinge joint
147
in humans, do gastrocnemius and politeus flex or extend the knee joint?
flex
148
in humans, is the medial or lateral meniscus more curved?
lateral
149
are the cruciate ligaments within the joint capsule?
yes
150
are the fibular and tibial collateral ligaments within the joint capsule?
no, they are outside the space created by the joint capsule
151
what are preens longs and braves classified as?
lateral leg muscles
152
Does tibias posterior or anterior pass behind the medial or lateral malleolus
tibials posterior passes behind the medial malleolus
153
what action does the the deep posterior leg muscles do?
they pass behind the medial malleolus muscles hence they plantar flex the ankle joint and invert the foot
154
what part of the body does popliteus act on?
knee joint
155
in the ape, which way does the tibial plate slope?
downwards and backwards
156
is the patella bigger in humans or apes?
humans
157
in apes, is the medial or lateral meniscus more circular?
lateral
158
in apes, is the knee positioned near or away from the midline
away
159
is the human or ape gastrocnemeus muscle larger? what about the tendon?
the gastrocnemius is smaller in the ape, but with a larger muscle to tendon ratio than humans
160
With regards to the apes foot, what muscle to they not have (that humans do), and what muscle do they have (that humans don't).
they don't have flexor hallicus longus, but they have abductor hallicus longus.
161
In australopithecus, is the bicondylar angle small or large?
large
162
in australopithecus, is the knee joint relatively small or large
small
163
in australopithecus, how does knee joint stability compare to apes and humans?
knee joint shows some increase in stability compared to apes, but not as stable as the human knee.
164
in the MHS, what bones articulate to form the ankle joint?
tibia, fibula and trochlear of the talus
165
in the MHS, what ligament stabilises the medial side of the ankle joint
deltoid ligament
166
in the MHS, what moments occur at the ankle joint?
dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
NB: inversion and eversion occur at the inter tarsal joints
167
in the MHS, what muscles are involved in dorsiflexing the foot
anterior leg muscles.
168
in the human, does the talus touch the ground?
no
169
in the human, what helps form the arch system of the foot?
tarsal and metatarsal bones only
170
in the human, is the first taros-metatarsal joint relatively mobile or immobile?
relatively immobile compared to apes and early hominids such as radio
171
in humans, in late stance, does the ankle dorsiflex or plantar flex?
plantarflex
172
in humans, in late stance what happens to force transfer?
transfers from lateral to medial side in the anterior foot as to off approaches
173
in humans, which toe is the last toe to leave the ground at toe off
the big toe
174
in humans what does the ankle do in mid swing?
dorsiflex
175
how is the lateral malleolus different in the ape and the human?
deviates laterally in the ape
176
how foes the trochlear differ in the ape and the human.
in the human its symmetrical, in the ape its asymmetrical
177
in the ape, are the phalanges straight or curved? what about the human? australopithecus?
curved
straight
intermediate..
178
does ardi have an opposable big toe?
yes
179
is the inferior articular surface of the tibia angled outwards in australopithecus and humans?
no for both
180
does homo erects have an arch system
yes
181
regarding the ape, where is the foot positioned relative to the hip at toe off
the foot is somewhat beneath hip at toe off.
182
regarding the ape, is the foot rigid or flexible at toe off? what toes are the last to leave the ground
flexible
middle toes.
183
what muscles are involved in plantarflexing the ankle at toe off
posterior leg muscles
