ANAT2012 definitions Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
cleavage
A
rapid mitotic division of zygote
2
Q
blastomere
A
mitotic cleavage product of zygote
3
Q
morula
A
precursor of blastocyst
4
Q
blastocyst
A
structure containing embryoblast, walled by trophoblast
5
Q
trophoblast
A
part of blastocyst which forms placenta
6
Q
embryoblast
A
part of blastocyst which forms embryo
7
Q
conception
A
implantation (7-10 days after fertilisation)
8
Q
stress
A
force/area
9
Q
strain
A
extension/original length
10
Q
Young’s modulus/modulus of elasticity
A
stress/strain
11
Q
parathyroid
A
enhances Ca2+ release from bone
indirectly stimulates osteoclast activity
12
Q
calcitonin
A
inhibits Ca2+ absorption in intestines
inhibits osteoclast activity
13
Q
elasticity
A
the ability of a solid to recover its shape when deforming forces are removed
14
Q
viscoelasticity
A
materials for which the relationship between stress and strain depends on time
15
Q
creep
A
if the stress is held constant the strain increases with time
16
Q
stress relaxation
A
if the strain is held constant, the stress decreases with time
17
Q
cyclic loading
A
application of repeated stress or strains
18
Q
mechanotransduction
A
bone remodelling process due to stressors applied
19
Q
anisotropy
A
the property of being directionally dependent
20
Q
windlass mechanism
A
winding of the plantar fascia shortens the distance between the calcaneus and metatarsals to elevate the medial longitudinal arch
21
Q
hysteresis
A
the energy put into the tissue is more than that recovered (lost as heat)
22
Q
complex joint
A
contains intracapsular disc, labrum or meniscus
23
Q
osteokinematics
A
movement of bones (not joints)
24
Q
arthrokinematics
A
movement of joints (no reference to forces)
25
anatomical axis
related to structure (eg. longitudinally through long bone)
26
mechanical axis
related to joint (perpendicular to joint surfaces)
27
spin
mechanical axis is centre of rotation
28
slide
orientation of mechanical axis does not change, position does
29
roll
orientation of mechanical axis constantly changing
30
chondral-apophyseal enthesis
more zones
| small attachment sites
31
periosteal-diaphyseal enthesis
less zones
| large attachment sites
32
mechanobiology
mechanical load influencing the structure of MSK tissue
33
tribology
the science of interacting surfaces in relative motion
34
boundary layer lubrication
few molecules thick
| relies on chemical properties
35
fluid film lubrication
finite thickness
| relies on physical properties
36
medial and ventral motorneuron pools
proximal limb
37
dorsal and lateral motorneuron pools
distal limb
38
central pattern generator
a flexible network of interneurons than can produce purposeful movement in response to stimulus
39
inhibatory neurotransmitter
GABA
| glycine
40
excitatory neurotransmitter
glutamatergic
41
pacemaker cell
triggers rhythmic activity of non-pacemaker cells
42
V0 interneuron
left-right alternations
43
V1 interneuron
locomotor rhythm regulation
44
V2a interneuron
left-right alternations
| rhythm robustness
45
V3 interneuron
rhythm robustness
46
Hb9 interneuron
rhythm generation
47
mesencephalic locomotor region
controls intensity of locomotion
| influences CPG via reticular formation and reticulospinal tract
48
supraspinal structures and CPG
activate, modulate and silence CPG
49
motor unit recruitment order
type I > type IIa > type IIb
50
effect of firing frequency
increased firing frequency, increased force
51
effect of motor unit synchronisation
enhanced rate of force development (explosive strength)
52
muscle-tendon unit components
```
contractile component (muscle)
series elastic component (tendon)
parallel elastic component (connective tissue)
```
53
stretch-shortening cycle
successive combination of concentric and eccentric contractions --> greater force and power
54
utilisation of stored elastic energy
energy stored in series elastic component used to increase mechanical energy in next concentric contraction
55
autogenic inhibition
reduction in excitability of a contracting or stretched muscle (used in contract-relax)
56
reciprocal inhibition
contraction of opposing muscles reduces activation of target muscles --> descending commands excite inhibitory interneurons of target muscles (used in hold-relax)
57
superficial layer of hyaline cartilage
type II collagen parallel to surface
| reduces friction
58
middle layer of hyaline cartilage
collagen in lattice
| permits deformation
59
deep layer of hyaline cartilage
collagen perpendicular to surface
| anchors to bone
60
hemorrhagic phase of tendon/ligament healing
1st phase
gap fills with blood clot
lymphocytes and leukocytes increase inflammatory response
61
inflammatory phase of tendon/ligament healing
2nd phase
macrophages predominant cell type
induces vascularisation and granulation
62
proliferative phase of tendon/ligament healing
3rd phase
| fibroblasts produce collagen
63
remodelling and maturation phase of tendon/ligament healing
4th phase
decreased cellularity
tissue becomes more dense and longitudinally orientated
64
enthesis
joint between hard and soft surfaces
65
enthesis organ
a collection of tissues at and near enthesis which serve to dissipate stress
66
multi-enthesis organ
two or more neighbouring tendons/ligaments share and enthesis (eg. popliteus and LCL)
67
enthesopathy
overuse injury of enthesis
68
instantaneous centre of rotation
COR moves throughout movement due to ovoid joint surfaces
69
helical axis of motion
the movement of a joint's axis of rotation in 3D space
70
compound joint
more than one joint within a joint capsule (eg. elbow)
71
simple joint
one pair of articulating surfaces
72
toe region
straightening of crimped ligament fibres
73
elastic region
tissue will return to original shape
74
yield point
point of permanent deformation (between elastic and plastic regions
75
plastic region
tissue is permanently deformed
76
ultimate stress
point of failure
77
ultimate strain
breaking point
78
toughness
amount of energy per volume a material can absorb before failure (area under curve)
79
brittle break
linear stress/strain curve, no yield until ultimate stress
80
ductile break
gradual yield before failure
81
stiffness
ability to resist deformation
82
compliance
undergoing elastic deformation in response to force
83
stiffness/toughness trade-off
the more stiff a material becomes, the more brittle it becomes (less tough) --> ie bone
84
safety factor
how much stronger a material is compared to its intended load
SF = max force/applied force x 100%
85
mechanocoupling (1st step mechanotransduction)
force causes physical perturbation of cells
86
cell-cell communcation (2nd step mechanotransduction)
perturbation transformed to chemical signal which is communicated to distant cells
87
effector cell response (3rd step mechanotransduction)
tissue remodels in response to stimulus
88
endoderm
forms epithelial linings of digestive and respiratory tracts
89
ectoderm
forms skin epidermis, nervous system, hair, nails
90
mesoderm
forms connective tissue, bones, muscle, blood vessels, cartilage
91
somite
a segment of mesoderm arranged along the neural tube of an embryo
92
sclerotome
part of somite giving rise to skeletal tissue
93
dermatome
part of somite giving rise to connective tissue of skin
94
myotome
part of somite giving rise to skeletal muscle
95
differentiation
to become more specialised
96
modulation
adaptation of a cell to its environment
97
induction
specific change of shape of an embryo
98
notochord
a cylindrical cord of cells marking the longitudinal axis (signalling centre)
99
apical ectodermal cells
signalling centre at distal end of each limb bud
100
fibrous joint development
mesenchyme between developing bones differentiates into fibrous connective tissue
101
cartilaginous joint development
mesenchyme between developing bones differentiates into hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
102
synovial joint development
peripherally, mesenchyme gives rise to capsule and ligaments (DRCT)
centrally, mesenchyme disappears creating joint space
on articular surfaces and capsular surfaces mesenchyme forms synovial membrane --> worn away on articular surfaces due to movement
103
vertebral segmental defects
vertebrae fuse together, either partially or fully
104
vertebral formation defects
vertebrae do not fully form, creating wedging or contouring of spine
105
spina bifida occulta
no spinous process formed
106
spina bifida meningocele
meningeal sac squeezes through spine, causing cyst
107
spina bifida meningomyelocele
spinal cord goes into meningeal cyst, stretching nerve roots
108
spina bifida myelocele
secretion of CSF out of spine
109
spina bifida syringomyelocele
spinal cord goes into meningeal cyst and does not develop properly
110
mechanisms of congenital scoliosis
failure of segmentation
| failure of formation
111
mechanisms of congenital kyphosis
failure of segmentation
failure of formation
dislocation of spine due to rotation
112
mechanisms of congenital lordosis
failure of segmentation posteriorly
