Anatomical Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
Anterior (also referred to as: ____)
A
Toward the front of the body (also referred to as VENTRAL)
2
Q
Ventral (also referred to as _____)
A
Toward the front of the body (also referred to as ANTERIOR)
3
Q
Posterior (also referred to as _____)
A
Toward the back of the body (also referred to as DORSAL)
4
Q
Dorsal (also referred to as _____)
A
Toward the back of the body (also referred to as POSTERIOR)
5
Q
Medial
A
Toward the midline of the body
6
Q
Lateral
A
Toward the side of the body
7
Q
Proximal
A
Nearer to the point of attachment or to a given reference point
8
Q
Distal
A
Farther away from the point of attachment or from a given reference point
9
Q
Superior (also referred to as _____)
A
Above; Toward the head (also referred to as CRANIAL)
10
Q
Cranial (also referred to as _____)
A
Above; Toward the head (also referred to as SUPERIOR)
11
Q
Inferior (also referred to as _____)
A
Below; Toward the lower end of the spine (also referred to as CAUDAL)
12
Q
Caudal (also referred to as _____)
A
Below; Toward the lower end of the spine (also referred to as INFERIOR)
13
Q
Superficial (also referred to as _____)
A
Closer to the surface of the body (also referred to as EXTERNAL)
14
Q
External (also referred to as _____)
A
Closer to the surface of the body (also referred to as (SUPERFICIAL)
15
Q
Deep (also referred to as _____)
A
Closer to the center of the body (also referred to as INTERNAL)
16
Q
Internal (also referred to as _____)
A
Closer to the center of the body (also referred to as DEEP)
17
Q
Sagittal
A
Plane that cuts through the midline of the body from front to back and divides the body into right and left sections
18
Q
Frontal (also referred to as _____)
A
Plane that cuts at a right angle to the midline plane, from side to side, and divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) section (ALSO REFERRED TO AS CORONAL)
19
Q
Coronal (also referred to as _____)
A
Plane that cuts at a right angle to the midline plane, from side to side, and divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) section (ALSO REFERRED TO AS FRONTAL)
20
Q
Transverse (also referred to as _____ or _____)
A
Cuts horizontally through the body and separates the body into upper (Superior) and lower (Inferior) sections (also referred to as HORIZONTAL or AXIAL)
21
Q
Horizontal (also referred to as _____ or _____)
A
Cuts horizontally through the body and separates the body into upper (Superior) and lower (Inferior) sections (also referred to as TRANSVERSE or AXIAL)
22
Q
Axial (also referred to as _____ or _____)
A
Cuts horizontally through the body and separates the body into upper (Superior) and lower (Inferior) sections (also referred to as TRANSVERSE or HORIZONTAL)
23
Q
4 structures of the human body
A
Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems
24
Q
Basic unit of all living things
A
Cell
25
Cell Membrane
Forms the boundary of the cell to surround and protect the individual cell
26
Cytoplasm
Makes up the body of the cell
27
Nucleus
Small, round structure in the center of the cell that contains chromosomes and nucleoplasm (DNA & RNA)
28
Chromosomes
Linear strands of DNA located in the nucleus of the cell; Contain genes determining hereditary characteristics
29
Group of similar cells performing a specific task
Tissue
30
Tissue
Group of similar cells performing a specific task
31
Cell
Basic unit of all living things that varies in size and shape according to function
32
4 types of tissue
Muscle tissue, Nerve tissue, Connective tissue, Epithelial tissue
33
Muscle tissue
Produces movement
34
Nerve tissue
Conducts impulses to and from the brain
35
Connective tissue
Connects and supports various body structures; adipose (fat) and osseous (bone)
36
Epithelial tissue
Found in the skin, lining of the blood vessels, respiratory, intestinal, urinary tracts, and other body systems
37
Two or more kinds of tissue together performing special body functions
Organs
38
Organs
Two or more kinds of tissue together performing special body functions
39
Organ Systems
Groups of organs working together to perform complex body functions
40
Groups of organs working together to perform complex body functions
Organ Systems
41
Cytology
Study of cells including the formation, structure, and function of cells
42
RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
Contained within the nucleus; transcribed from DNA by enzymes and plays a crucial role in protein synthesis
43
Gene
Specific segment of base pairs in chromosomes; functional unit of heredity
44
Mitosis
Cells divide and multiply to form two cells
45
5 body cavities
1. Cranial cavity
2. Spinal cavity
3. Thoracic cavity
4. Abdominal cavity
5. Pelvic cavity
46
Cranial Cavity
Space inside the skull, or cranium, containing the brain
47
Spinal Cavity (also referred to as _____)
Space inside the spinal column containing the spinal cord. (also referred to as the Vertebral Canal)
48
Dorsal Cavity
Cranial cavity and spinal cavity combined
49
Thoracic cavity (also referred to as _____)
Space containing the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and thymus. (also referred to as the Chest Cavity)
50
Vertebral Canal
Spinal Cavity
51
Abdominal Cavity
Space containing the lower portion of the esophagus, the stomach, intestines (excluding the sigmoid colon and rectum), kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and ureters
52
Pelvic Cavity
Space containing the urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, part of the large intestine, and the rectum
53
5 types of membranes
1. Mucous Membrane
2. Serous Membrane
3. Synovial Membrane
4. Meninges
5. Cutaneous Membrane
54
Membranes
Line the internal spaces of organs, line body cavities, and line tubes opening to the outside
55
Mucous Membranes
Line the interior walls of organs and tubes opening to the outside of the body; lined with epithelium; involved in absorption and secretion; composed of epithelium overlaying a layer of lamina propria (connective tissue)
56
Serous Membranes
Line cavities and internal organs; consist of a layer of simple squamous epithelium overlaying a layer of loose connective tissue; serve to compartmentalize the large cavities to hinder spread of infection; named according to their organ associations
57
Pleura
Serous Membrane covering the lungs
58
Pericardium
Serous Membrane covering the heart
59
Peritoneum
Serous Membrane lining the abdominal cavity
60
Synovial Membranes
Line joint cavities; composed of connective tissue; secrete synovial fluid into the joint cavity to lubricate the ends of bones so they can move freely
61
Meninges
Composed of 3 connective tissue membranes found within the dorsal cavity; Serve as a protective covering of the brain and spinal cord. In order from outer layer to inside layer the meninges are: dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
62
Cutaneous Membrane
Forms the outer covering of the body; Consists of a thin outer layer of stratified squamous epithelium attached to a thicker underlying layer of connective tissue. Cutaneous Membrane is SKIN
63
4 groups of Connective Tissue
1. Connective tissue proper
2. Cartilage
3. Bone
4. Blood
64
Largest Organ System
Integumentary (Skin, Hair and Nails)
65
Functions of the Integumentary System
1. Protection from injury, fluid loss and microorganisms (bacteria, virus, etc)
2. Temperature regulation
3. Fluid balance - excretion
4. Sensation
66
2 layers of Skin
1. Dermis
| 2. Epidermis
67
Stratum
Layers of the Epidermis and Dermis
68
Stratum Corneum (also referred to as ____)
Outermost layer of the epidermis (also referred to as the horny layer)
69
Stratum Lucidum
Clear layer of the epidermis; normally only found on palms of hands and soles of feet
70
Stratum Granulosum
Granular layer of cells in the epidermis; accumulate 2 types of granules (keratohyaline granules and lamellated granules)
71
Stratum Spinosum
Layer of epidermis composed of prickle cells
72
Stratum Basale (also referred to as _____)
Deepest layer of the epidermis; made of basal cells
73
Dermis
Layer of skin located just under the epidermis; lies on top of the Subcutaneous Tissue; contains 2 layers of strata; also contains many important structures nourishing and innervating the skin such as vessels, nerves and nerve endings, glands, and hair follicles
74
Epidermis
Outer layer of skin; contains 4 - 5 layers of strata; the # of layers varies based on where the epidermis is located
75
Stratum Papillare
Thin superficial layer of the dermis that is interlocked with the epidermis
76
Stratum Reticulare
Thick layer of dense, irregular connective tissue in the dermis
77
Subcutaneous Tissue (also known as ___)
ie "beneath the skin"; Not considered a layer of skin; mostly composed of fatty (adipose) tissue plus some areolar tissue; serves to protect underlying structures, prevent loss of body heat, and anchor the skin to the underlying musculature (Also known as HYPODERMIS)
78
Hypodermis (also known as _____)
ie "beneath the skin"; Not considered a layer of skin; mostly composed of fatty (adipose) tissue plus some areolar tissue; serves to protect underlying structures, prevent loss of body heat, and anchor the skin to the underlying musculature (Also known as SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE)
79
Superficial fascia
Fibrous connective tissue found in the Hypodermis
80
Cutaneous
Pertaining to the skin
81
Dermatology
The study of skin
82
Dermatologist
Physician specializing in diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
83
Decubitus
Pressure ulcer/ Bedsore
84
Ecchymosis
Condition in which blood seeps into the skin causing discoloration
85
Hypodermic
Pertaining to under the skin
86
Intradermal
Pertaining to within the skin
87
Jaundice
Yellowness of skin
88
Melanin
Pigment giving color to the skin
89
Melanoma
Pigmented tumor of the skin
90
Pediculosis
Infestation with lice
91
Subcutaneous
Pertaining to below the skin
92
Tinea
Ringworm (a fungal infection of the skin)
93
Alopecia
Loss of hair
94
Follicles
Specialized structures required for hair growth
95
Hair follicles
Sacs holding the root of hair fibers
96
Hair Papilla
Knoblike indentation at bottom of hair follicle containing the blood supply to hair root
97
Lunula
Little moon area of nail
98
Nail Body
Visible part of nail
99
Nail Bed (also referred to as ____)
Skin below the nail - epidermis and dermis (also referred to as Sterile Matrix)
100
Onychitis
Inflammation of nail matrix
101
Nail Plate
actual fingernail
102
6 parts of a nail
1. Root
2. Nail Bed (skin)
3. Nail Plate (keratin)
4. Eponychium (cuticle)
5. Perionychium (skin on sides of nail; site of hangnails)
6. Hyponychium (junction between free edge of the nail and the skin)
103
2 hair structures
1. Follicle (has several layers)
| 2. Shaft
104
Papilla
Bulb-like projection at the base of a hair follicle; nourished by capillaries; cells in papilla divide every 23 to 72 hours
105
Erector pili
A muscle that attaches to the outer sheath of a hair shaft; causes hair to stand up when it contracts
106
Hair shaft
Composed of keratin in 3 layers: the medulla, cortex, and cuticle
107
Long bone (also referred to as _____)
Bones longer than they are wide (also referred to as Tubular)
108
Tubular bone (also referred to as _____)
Bones longer than they are wide (also referred to as Long)
109
Short bone (also referred to as _____)
Roughly cube-shaped bones such as the carpal and tarsal bones (also referred to as Cuboidal)
110
Cuboidal bone (also referred to as _____)
Roughly cube-shaped bones such as the carpal and tarsal bones (also referred to as Short)
111
Sesamoid bone
Short bone "shaped like a sesame seed" formed within tendons; patella is the largest sesamoid bone in body; there are also 2 sesamoid bones in ball of foot under big toe
112
Flat bone
Consists of a layer of spongy bone between 2 thin layers of compact bone; cross-section is flat not rounder; skull and ribs are examples
113
Irregular bones
Bones in body not fitting any other category; several in face (zygoma) and also vertebrae are irregular bones
114
3 types of joints:
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
115
Synonym for "Joint"
Articulating Surface
116
2 parts of human skeleton
1. Appendicular - Shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle and
extremities
2. Axial - skull, spine, ribs, sternum, sacrum
117
Closed Fracture
Does not involve a break in the skin
118
Compound Fracture
Projects through the skin with a possibility of infection
119
Comminuted Fracture
More than two separate bone components - Segmental fracture, bony fragments
120
Transverse Fracture
Breaks shaft of a bone across the longitudinal axis
121
Greenstick Fracture
Only one side of the shaft is broken, other is bent; common in children
122
Spiral Fracture
Spread along length of bone and produced by twisting stress
123
Colles' Fracture
Occurs in wrist and affects the distal radius bone
124
Compression Fracture
Vertebrae collapse due to trauma, tumor, or osteoporosis
125
Epiphyseal Fracture
Occurs when matrix is calcifying and chondrocytes are dying; usually seen in children
126
Smooth Muscle
Found in the walls of all the hollow body organs (except the heart); contraction of smooth muscle reduces the size of the organ; movement of these muscles is involuntary
127
Ankylosis
Condition of stiffening of a joint
128
Arthralgia
Pain in joint
129
Arthritis
Inflammation of a joint
130
Arthrodesis
Surgical fixation of a joint
131
Arthropathy
Joint disease
132
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa
133
Carpal
Pertaining to the wrist bones
134
Chondral
Pertaining to cartilage
135
Chondralgia
Pain around and in the cartilage
136
Coccygeal
Pertaining to the coccyx
137
Connective
Tissue connecting or binding together
138
Dactylic
Pertaining to finger or toe
139
Femoral
Pertaining to femur and thigh bone
140
Iliac
Pertaining to the ilium
141
Kyphosis
Abnormal curvature of thoracic spine (humpback)
142
Lordosis
Abnormal anterior curvature of spine, usually lumbar
143
Metacarpal
Long bones of the hand that form the skeletal structure of the palm
144
Osteoblast
Bone-forming cell
145
Osteocarcinoma
Cancerous tumor of bone
146
Osteochondritis
Inflammation of bone and cartilage
147
Osteopenia
Lower than average bone density; can be a precursor to osteoporosis
148
Osteoporosis
Condition resulting in reduction of bone mass
149
Osteorrhaphy
Suture of bone
150
Patellar
Pertaining to the patella (kneecap)
151
Phalangeal
Bones of the fingers or toes
152
Scoliosis
Lateral curvature of the spine
153
Sternotomy
Surgical incision of sternum
154
Tendonitis
Inflammation of tendon
