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Week 3 (Neuro 2) > Anatomical Basis of Neurological Pathways > Flashcards

Anatomical Basis of Neurological Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

what are the brain’s major cholinergic neurons?

A
  • nucleus basalis of meynert (NMB)
  • pedunculo-pontine tegmental nucleus (PPPT/LDT)
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2
Q

nucleus basalis of meynert (NBM)

  • releases what NT?
  • clinical significance?
A

releases ACh

  • responsible for: conscious perception & cognition
  • dysfunction leads to: Altzheimers
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3
Q

pedunculo-pontine tegmental nucleus (PPD/LDT)

  • releases what NT?
  • clinical significance?
A

releases ACh

  • responsible for: dreaming & muscle atonia in REM sleep
  • dysfunction leads to: REM sleep disorders - acting out dreams erractically, violently
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4
Q

what are the brains major histaminergic projections?

A

tuberulomamillary nucleus (TMN) in the hypothalamus

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5
Q

tuberomamillary nucleus (TMN)

  • releases what NT?
  • clinical significance?
A

releases histamine (& projects to cholinergic nuclei)

  • responsible for:
    • sleep modulation - arousal
    • metabolism - inc metabolism
  • dysfunction:
    • hypoactivation:
      • sleepiness
      • high appetite -> obesity
    • hyperactiviation:
      • inability to sleep
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6
Q

hypoactivation of the tuberomamillary nucleus leads to?

A
  • increased sleep
  • increased appetite, possibly obesity
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7
Q

hyperacitivation of the tuberomamillary nucleus (TMN) leads to?

A

inability to sleep (too aroused)

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8
Q

what are the major dopraminergic projections of the brain?

A
  • ventral tegmental area (VTA)
  • substantia nigra
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9
Q

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

  • releases what NTs?
  • clinical significance?
A

releases dopamine

  • various responsibilities through different projections.
    • mesocortical: executive function
    • mesolimbic: reward
    • tubuloinfundibular: regulation of PRL secretion
  • dsyfunction of each :
    • mesocortial: hypofunction -> negative sx of schizophrenia
    • mesolimbic: hyperfunction -> positive sx of schizophrenia
    • tuberuloinfundibular: hyperprolactinemia
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10
Q

the substantia nigra

  • releases which NT?
  • clinical significance?
A

releases dopamine

  • via the mesostriatal projection:
    • responsible for: coordinating movement
    • dysfunction leads to: parkinsons
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11
Q

list the dysfunction causing each presentation

  • Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia
  • Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia
  • Parkinson’s Disease
  • Hyperprolactinemia
A
  • hypofunctioning mescortical projection of VTA
  • hyperfunctioning mesolimbic projection of VTA
  • hypofunctioning mesostrial projection of STN
  • dysfunctioning tuboinfundibular projection of VTA
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12
Q

what are the major noreadrenergic projections of the brain?

A

locus coeruleus (“blue spot”)

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13
Q

locus coerulus

  • releases what NTs?
  • clinical significance?
A

release a1, a2, and B2

  • responsibilities:
    • cortex & thalamus: attention / focus
    • limbic system: feat / anxiety
    • hypothalamus: sleepiness - inhibits inhibitors of VLPO
  • defects:
    • cortex & thalamus: hypoarousal -> ADHD, hyperarousal -> anxiety
    • limbic system: hyperaousal -> mania, stress, PSTD
    • hypothalamus: hyperarousal -> sleeeplessness
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14
Q

damage of the locus coeruleus neurons that project to the cortex & thalamus will lead to?

why?

A
  • ADHD - with hypoarousal
  • anxiety - with hyperarousal

this projection is responsible for attention & focus

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15
Q

damage of the locus coeruleus neurons that project to the limbic system will lead to?

why?

A

mania, stress, and PTSD (with hyperarousal)

this projection is responsible for fear & anxiety

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16
Q

damage of the locus coeruleus neurons that project to the hypothalamus will lead to?

why?

A

hyper = sleepless, hypo = sleepy

these projects release a2 (inhibitory) onto VLPO, inhibiting sleep induction

17
Q

what are the serotonergic neurons of the brain?

A

the raphe nucleus - rostral, dorsal, median

18
Q

the raphe nuclei

  • releases what NT
  • clinical significance?
A

releases serotonin (5-HT)

  • responsible for: mood, sleep, anxiety
  • dysfunction: hypoactivation of each projection
    • ​to amygdala: sadness*
    • to hypothalamus: appetite changes - too high or too low
    • pituitary: menstrual, sleep disturbances
19
Q

damage to which nuclei can can cause appetite disturbances?

A
  • tubulomamillary nucleus (histaminergic) - hypoactivation -> overeating
  • raphe nuclei (serotogenic) projecting to hypothalamus -> overeating or anorexia
20
Q

clinical significance of orexinergic neurons

A
  • role: maintaining proper vigilance
  • dysfunction leads to:
    • primary hypersomnia
    • narcolepsy
    • cataplexy - sudden loss in muscle tone
21
Q

clinical significance of VLPO receptors

A
  • induce sleep via GABA release
  • lesions / damage lead to insomnia
22
Q

dysfunction of what key nuclei can lead to sleep disturbance?

A
  • REM sleep dsfyunction (acting out dreams): PPT (cholinergic)
  • sleepiness: hypoactivation of tubulomamillary (histaminergic), locus coerulus (adrenergic)
  • sleeplessneess: hyperactivation of tubulomamillary (histaminergic), locus coerulus (adrenergic)
  • narcolepsy / cataplexy: orexinergic
23
Q

which three neurotransmitters are ALL

  • increased in excitement
  • decreased in depression
A
  • NE
  • dopamine
  • 5-HT (serotonin)
24
Q

how do caffeine & alcohol afect GABA and glutamate?

A
  • Caffeine: suppresses GABA, but stimulates glutamate
  • Alcohol: stimulates GABA, but suppresses glutamate.
25
Q

alchohol increases / decreases release of which NTs?

to have which effects?

A

activation

  • GABA - sedation
  • NE - stimulation
  • DA - addiction / pleasure

inhibition

  • Glu- slurred speech & memory disruption
26
Q

nicotine increases ./ decreases release of which NTs?

to have which effects?

A

all activation

  • cholinergic - energizes
  • dopraminergic - addiction
  • glutamergic - desire to use nicotine
27
Q

dysfunction of which neurons can lead to mania?

A

loculus colerulus (adrenergic)

limbic projection

hyperactivation

28
Q

dysfunction of what neurons can lead to ADHD?

A

locus colerulus (adrenergic)

cortical / thalamic projections

hypoactivation

Week 3 (Neuro 2) (5 decks)

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